Monday, November 25, 2019

Frederick taylor Essays

Frederick taylor Essays Frederick taylor Essay Frederick taylor Essay Frederick Taylor Introduction Schermerhorn et al described Fredrick W Taylor as the father of scientific management. Taylor introduced the scientific management approach, which focuses on maximum productivity. Managers refer to this theory today in order to help them in the management process. This theory has proved to be effective since the mangers that refer to it have always succeeded in their management practices. Before the introduction of this theory, the businesses did not experience the great productivity being experienced in the businesses today. This is because the employees feared losing their jobs. They felt that increased productivity would make some of them lose their jobs. However, with the introduction of this theory, the problem of low productivity has ended. Fredrick W Taylor, therefore, introduces the scientific theory that contributes to the management thought and practice in many ways. This contribution also relates to the management thought and practice. Today, the managers find this theory relevant to their management practices. : Conclusion Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory is therefore essential and materially contributes to maximum productivity. He contributes to the classical approaches of management both in thought and practically. This confirms that he is indeed the father of scientific management. This is because this theory proves to be effective. The organizations that incorporate this theory enjoy maximum profits since they ensure their employees are well trained. They also ensure to implement goals in their organizations. This enables employees to work towards these goals. The scientific theory is therefore the theory practiced by most of the organizations due to its great guidance (Jones, 2011).

Thursday, November 21, 2019

RedBull & PR Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RedBull & PR - Literature review Example This paper presents an analysis of public relation strategies used by Red Bull around the world. Energy drink manufacturers, including Rend Bull GmbH, target a specific market segment, i.e., urban and young male males aged between sixteen and twenty nine (Buchholz, 2010: p43). This market segment has aspirations of living their lives on the edge. Accordingly, Red Bull uses extreme sport as a way of relating to them, with the sport being highly popular among this particular category of consumers. Additionally, the slogan used by Red Bull, i.e., Red Bull Gives You Wings†, was developed with the aim of creating public awareness among this particular segment of customers via communicating that drinking their beverages would ease challenging tasks. Moreover, the company epitomized modern branding by utilizing a marketing communication’s mix, including public relations, which sought to sell a way of life rather than a simple product and become culturally relevant (Buchholz, 20 10: p43). To do this, it was necessary for Red Bull to come up with PR strategies that caught the attention and appealed to their target group. Red Bull has come up with appropriate public relations strategies that are aimed at reaching out to its target market and getting them interested in the product (Russell, 2010: p44). As noted, Red Bull targets customer groups who live an active lifestyle by engaging in extreme sport and activities. In this regard, Red Bull’s public relations strategies attempt to create a perception that Red Bull beverages give necessary energy and edge to users, which can assist them to lead the lifestyle that they desire, as well as increase in their performance ion various aspects of their lives. Public Relations are defined as the relationships that an organization has with various public segments or groups, which have an effect on their ability to achieve their mission, objectives, and goals (Russell, 2010: p11). Companies can leverage PR by usin g publications and press kits on a regular basis in order to inform their shareholders around the world about the company, new products, news, events, and any other issues related to the company. Red Bull publishes its annual reports via which it communicates essential messages to stakeholders and the general public regarding the company. These annual reports serve as an effective tool for advertising where its main strengths and achievements are highlighted (Russell, 2010: p11). Red Bull also identifies Identity Media as one of its most effective tools for advertising (Russell, 2010: p46). The company fully utilizes Identity Media via the development of an online TV channel, which covers various company sponsored sporting events, especially extreme sports, and other programs aimed at attracting consumer interest in the company. Red Bull also publishes the Red Bulletin, a monthly magazine that is distributed by the Telegraph newspaper on Sundays. The issue carries sport reports inte rspersed with product information. The company also uses alternative methods of Public relations, for example, involving their brand in lobby activities in order to integrate themselves into various communities and build relations. One of Red Bull’s most famous public relations

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Ensuring a safe Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ensuring a safe Workplace - Essay Example Productivity of an employee depends on the surrounding during task delivering. Therefore, it would be wise to support the enhancement of the working environment for the employees. Arguing for my position requires one to take a bold stand as those taken by the likes of Malcolm X and Karl Marx. Employees are and will continue to be the engine of an organization, and regardless of the level of input they add to the firm. It is a wish of all organizations to be leading in terms of sale, and brand, and to achieve that employees are a critical aspect. Conducive working environment makes employees feel safe in their daily endeavor, and this motivates them. It should never be considered blindly that employees will risk their lives for the sake of building a firm’s reputation. According to (Noe, 2006), Human Resource Management has evolved over the years to view employees as an asset rather than job seeker only after pay. In an organization where hazardous products are being handled emergency measures should be in place to salvage any outbreak (â€Å"Managing health, safety and working environment†, 2009). Esteem of employees is enhanced on how they are treated at their workstation. An employee is just like any other individual whose esteem will be improved by the surrounding. For instance, an organization where the manager uses abusive terms when addressing the employees has a severe impact on the employee’s esteem. Low esteem among employees has been identified as the cause low productivity. Human resource manager needs to ensure the employees are psychologically safe which determines the degree of job concentration. Welfare of the staffs should not be considered as secondary need while they are on duty within the organization. If the workstation is viewed as a home by employees, then productivity from them will be to the optimum. According to (PetrylaitÄâ€", &

Monday, November 18, 2019

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters 16-19 - Essay Example Furthermore, a wonderful platform was provided for entrepreneurs to showcase their talent at the onset of this revolution. Steam power was introduced with the help of which railways came into being; water wheels were made use of in the manufacturing industry; the textile industry made use of the spinning jenny as well as various other equipments that brought about a revolutionary change in American society. These effects were not only confined to America but also spread through parts of Europe as well as North America, making America to be one of the fastest growing economies at the time. A number of powerful and wealthy industrialists came into being and were known as Robber Barons who sold their products at prices that were very questionable; this process included buying out the competition, paying the employees and workers very low wages, hiking up the prices while maintaining a monopoly in order to amass wealth. This practice was followed under the concept of laissez faire which has been discussed further during the scope of this paper however it was due to such a monopoly that the government in the country had to interfere in order to keep in check the welfare of the poorer sections of society from being exploited by these barons. â€Å"Laissez-faire† is a French word-combination that literally means ‘let them do’ and may be interpreted in the economic sense as ‘let them do as they will’ or ‘leave them to do as they please.’ The phrase was brought into question when M. Le Gendre, who led a group of French businessmen, was asked about the welfare of merchants in France and how they could contribute to the commercial structure of the country. Established in the 18th century, the concept of laissez-faire was used in order to oppose any government intervention in business affairs. In America private owners have had a bigger say in matters relating to trade and commerce. E.A.J Johnson wrote the following in his 1973 study on the economic principles established at the foundation of the United States: â€Å"The general view, discernible in contemporaneous literature, was that the responsibility of government should involve enough surveillance over the enterprise system to ensure the social usefulness of all economic activity. It is quite proper, said Bordley, for individuals to â€Å"choose for themselves† how they will apply their labor and their intelligence in production. But it does not follow from this that â€Å"legislators and men of influence† are freed from all responsibility for giving direction to the course of national economic development. They must, for instance, discountenance the production of unnecessary commodities of luxury when common sense indicates the need for food and other essentials. Lawmakers can fulfill their functions properly only when they â€Å"become benefactors to the public†; in new countries they must safeguard agriculture and commerce, e ncourage immigration, and promote manufactures.† (Johnson, E.A.J) One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution in America was the development of railways and railroads because this led to the formation of the backbone of the American economy to a great extent. It assisted in balancing out transport of essential commodities to destinations near and far in order to maintain the supply of

Saturday, November 16, 2019

An Introduction To DNA

An Introduction To DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of eve living organisms including some viruses. It is a dimer consists of two strands that immerse upon each other and appear as a double helix that are linked together covalently with each other. Each strand is made up of similar repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide composed of three different moieties,a 2-deoxyribose sugar,a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. 1.1.1 2-Deoxyribose sugar The 2-deoxyribose sugar, a major structural component of DNA is a cyclic molecule .The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.The 5 carbon of deoxyribose sugar is attached to the 3 carbon of the next, and make a network of 3 carbon and 5 carbon.5end of a DNA molecule is characterized by a free phosphate (P) group and the 3 end is characterized by a free hydroxyl (OH) group. It lacks an hydroxyl group at the 2 position as in a ribose therefore a sugar moiety is a 2-deoxyribose. Two free hydroxyl groups are also located on the 5 carbon and 3-carbon of 2-deoxyribose sugar.These hydroxyl groups give a DNA oligomer its designation of 5 and the 3 end(usually accent as three prime end and five prime end). 1.1.2 Sugar-Phosphate backbone The 2-deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group forms the backbone in the DNA which are highly polar and defines directionality of the molecule. The polar hydrophilic back- bone is surrounded by a core of hydrophobic bases and is important for the stability and structure of DNA. The phosphate groups have a negative charge that gives a concentra- tion of negative charge on the backbone of DNA and also makes DNA,a negatively charge 5 1 Fundamentals molecule. The charge is also neutralised by DNA-binding proteins that contain the pos- itively charged amino acids lysine and arginine, which are attracted to the negatively charged phosphate backbone. See Fig. 1.1. Figure 1.1: DNA backbone 1.1.3 Nucleic acid bases DNA contain four different nitrogenous bases that make monomer of one nucleotide different from other. These bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and gua- nine(G). The bases come in two categories pyrimidines and purines. Larger nucleic acids adenine and guanine are members of a class of doubly ringed structures called purines while the smaller nucleic acids cytosine and thymine are members of a class of singly- ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines .A six-membered ring with two-nitrogen molecule formed a pyrimidine structure whereas purine is produced by a nine-membered, ring with four- nitrogen molecule. Each unit of the ring constructing the base is numbered to for specific identification. They are arranged in a particular order along the backbone of DNA to make a long chain of varying sequence that contains the code for proteins.The sequence specifies the exact genetic instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits. 6 1 Fundamentals 1.1.4 Base Pairing in DNA The nitrogenous bases are responsible to form double-strand of DNA in consequence of weak hydrogen bonds and have specific shapes and hydrogen bond properties. The three hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine and then denoted as G.C or C.G,depending on which is associated with the first strand. Similarly adenine and thymine also bond exclusively by pairing of two hydrogen bonds and then denoted as A.T or T.A. This coupling up of nitrogen bases termed as complementarity.,A hydrogen bond donor need an equivalent hydrogen bond acceptor to form a hydrogen bond in the base across from it. Purines are only complementary with pyrimidines because molecules in pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are very far from each other that doesnt makes the hydrogen bonding to be established. Purine-purine pairing are energetically unfavourable because the molecules are too close and create an electrostatic repulsion. The only possible pairings are GT and AC. Primary and secondary amine groups or hy droxyl groups are common hydrogen bond donar while carbonyl and tertiary amines are common hydrogen bond acceptor groups. There are two hydrogen bonds between an A:T base pair. One hydrogen bond lie between the 6 primary amine of adenine and the 4 carbonyl of thymine. The other hydrogen bond form between the 1 tertiary amine of adenine and the 2 secondary amine of thymine. On the other hand,G:C base pair has three hydrogen bonds. One hydrogen bond lie between guanine with its 6 hydrogen bond accepting carbonyl and cytosine having 4 hydrogen bond accepting primary amine. The second hydrogen bond also formed between guanine on 1 secondary amine and cytosine 3 tertiary amine and the third formed between the 2 primary amine on guanine and the 2 carbonyl on cytosine. 1.1.5 Directionality The directionality of DNA is vitally important to many cellular processes. since,double helices are necessarily directional(a strand running 5 to 3 pairs with strand running 3 to 5 )and processes such as DNA replication occur in only one direction. The two DNA strands in a duplex are anti parallel and form a chemically stable structure. That is, one strand running from the 5-phosphate to 3-OH is paired with the other strand arranged with its 3-OH opposite the 5-phosphate of the first strand, and its 5-phosphate opposite the 3- OH of the first strand. 7 1 Fundamentals 1.1.6 3 end and 5 en DNA strand is inherently directional.The 3 prime end has a free hydroxyl (or phos- phate) on a 3 carbon and is called as the tail end. New nucleic acid molecules are formed by one end of 3-hydroxyl as it is ligated to the other end of 5-phosphate of a different nucleotide that make it possible to form strands of connected nucleotides.Molecular biologists can use nucleotides that has a deficiency of 3-hydroxyl(dideoxyribonucleotides) to stop DNA replication .The 5 prime end has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5 carbon in the sugar-ring and this end is called as the tail end . If a phosphate group bind with the 5 end, ligation of two nucleotides can form, with a phosphodiester bond from the 5-phosphate group to the 3-hydroxyl end of other nucleotide. ligation can also stop if the above process is eliminated. Molecular biologists have an advantage of the above phenomenon to stop ligation of any unnecessary nucleic acid by removing the 5-phosphate with a phosphatase. 1.2 DNA-Ligand Binding The structure of DNA represents a variety of sites where ligands may interact and bind with DNA.The binding interaction between a drug and DNA often leads to a signi_- cant modi_cation of the structure of the DNA and may have an important inuence on their physiological functions associated with several biological e_ects including antivi- ral,antibacterial,antipotozoal and antitumor. Modes of Binding Because of the complex double-helical structure of DNA,drug molecule interact with DNA in a number of modes. A number of forces of varying strength involved in each interaction. Electrostatic forces with the phosphate backbone,sequence sensitive van der Waals interaction and hydrogen bonding interactions that occur between polar atom of bases and hydrogen molecules are incorporated singly or in combination.To understand the mechanism of interaction of each mode,it is best to discuss di_erent binding modes that can act on DNA. (a) External Binding (b) Intercalators (c) Groove binding (i) Major groove binders (ii)Minor groove binders External Binding This type of binding results due to electrostatic forces applied to the negatively charge phosphodiester group along the backbone of DNA for cationic molecule.Ligand charge, hydrophobicity and size a_ect on electrostatic interactions.External binding may also be due to either covalent or non-covalent interactions.This mode of binding is characteristics for major groocould potentially be sampled during simulations where the charge and shape of helical molecules are both changed. Intercalators An important class of molecules that binds to DNA are intercalators,which have been extensively used as a anti-cancer drug.Intercalation occurs due to immersion of a at aromatic drug molecule between nucleic bases contributes to unwind DNA helix(67).The interaction between a positively charged intercalator and a negatively charged DNA can be quite strong and form complex through electrostatic forces.Energy consumed to unstacked the nucleic acid bases which forms a gap between neighbouring base pairs into which the intercalator can _t easily.Because of small binding site,they have a little sequence selectivity and many known intercalators shows limited selectivity for GC base pairs such as ethidium bromide which has a high a_nity towards GC site.Several other drugs such as propidium,proavin, anti-tumor drugs adriamycin and actinomycin D intercalate with DNA. Groove Binders Smaller ligands preferentially binds to minor groove region whereas proteins and other large molecules speci_cally _ts into the major groove region of DNA. They have crescent -shaped conformation due to presence of two or more than two aromatic rings that gives a conformational exibility to the molecule and makes it perfect to _t in the groove. They also possess some functional group that forms hydrogen bonds at lower most part of DNA bases.They perfectly accommodate in the AT rich regions but some known groove binders show little preference towards GC site. Major Groove binders Presence of number of hydrogen bonds on the DNA major groove enhance its recognition potential. Major groove speci_c compounds are alkylating and methylating agents and and N 7 position of guanine in the major groove take part in interaction.one of the most common example is Cis platin which is a well known anti cancer drug. Minor Groove binders The most widely studied DNA interacting agents are minor groove binders that occurs naturally and also synthesize according to their sequence speci_c properties as they have pronounced binding a_nity towards AT rich groove.AT binding site is more thinner and deeper than GC so that all heteroaromatic rings such as furan,pyrole,benzene and Imidazole of minor groove binders twisted and _t better into AT site by applying van der waals force.Hydrogen bonds of bound molecule attached to the AT base pairs to the C-2 carbonyl oxygen of thymine or N-3 nitrogen of adenine.GC base pairs also contain same functional groups but a steric block form by amino group of guanine in GC locations which causes hinderence to the formation of hydrogen bond on guanine at N-3 position and on cytosine at O-2 cabonyl position,prohibiting vad derWaal forces and inhibit penetration of small molecules at GC sites of minor groove.AT site selectivity for positively charged minor groove binders also enhanced due to high negative electrostatic potential as compared to GC site. A number of experimental studies shows that minor groove of B type of DNA duplexes more suitable for binding of small molecules most often with Dickerson-Drew sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and also similar such as d(CGCAAATTTGCG). 1.3.1 Berenil X-ray crystallography proof complex formation of berenil with dodecanucleotides,i.e. d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and d(CGCAAATTTGCG)which in turn shows its preference of binding with AT rich site of DNA minor groove and reside between three (AAT) or four(AATT) base pairs. A number of research on berenil also con_rm its weak interac- tion and intercalating behavior.Hydrogen bonds are also formed between the amidinium groups and adenine N-3 or thymine O2 atoms on reverse strands of a double helical DNA oligonucleotide.Berenil is a curve shape drug which match the helical structure of DNA minor groove. 1.3.2 Pentamidine One of the most clinically important drug,pentamidine is a synthetic antimicrobial com- pound also known aspentamidine (1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane,among all the mi- nor groove binders.It has been use as a secondary drug for treating aids related P.carinii pneumonia.Foot printing and X-ray crystallography shows its pronounced attachment to DNA sites which has minimum four to _ve successive AT base pairs with the charged amidinium group shows hydrogen bonding to O2 of thymine or N3 of adenine on oppo- site DNA strands. It contains two phenyl rings that are twisted after binding with the minor groove by 35ÂÂ ° with respect to each other by van der Waals forces. 1.3.3 DAPI DAPI also called 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) is a synthetic,unfused aromatic compound is widely used in molecular biology as a uorochrome on binding upon AT site of minor groove binder as well as an intercalating drug.upon binding to GC rich sequence without showing any property of uorescence.X-ray structure of DAPI with d(CGCGAATTCGCG)exhibited that the drug span three base pairs and also give a clear picture of parallel attachment of phenyl and indole rings to the minor groove walls of DNA. |||||||| 1.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is a valuable tool in the study of intermolecular interactions. It is a well developed routine technique and plays an important role in analytical chemistry as well as it has widespread application in physics and life sciences. It deals with the mea- surement of the absorption of radiations in the ultraviolet and visible region of spec- trum.Spectroscopic techniques form the largest and the most important single group of techniques used in analytical chemistry,and provide a wide range of quantitative and qualitative information. All spectroscopic techniques depend on the emission or ab- sorption of electromagnetic radiations and used to determine the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. In order to understand these techniques,it is necessary to have some knowledge about properties of electromagnetic radiations and the nature of atomic and molecular energy. The ultraviolet region extends from 10 to 400nm.It is subdivided into near ultraviolet region (200 to 400nm) and the far or vacuum ultraviolet region(10 to 200 nm).The visible region extends from 400 to 800 nm. 1.4.1 Electromagnetic radiations Electromagnetic radiations are produced by the oscillation of electric charge and mag- netic _eld residing on the atom and has its origins in atomic and molecular processes. It vibrates perpendicular to the direction of propagation with a wave motion and can travel in space and does not need a medium like air or water to travel through. There are various forms of electromagnetic radiations e.g. visible,ultraviolet,infra-red, X-rays,microwaves and cosmic rays. They are characterised by frequencies,wavelength or wave numbers. The most familiar form of electromagnetic radiations is visible light which forms only a small portion of full electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum A plot which shows a number of absorption bands with respect to energy versus wave- length has some properties yield various information and is broken into several regions called as Electromagnetic Spectrum.Di_erent regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide di_erent kinds of information as a result of interactions. Electromagnetic spec- trum covers a very wide range of electromagnetic radiation that starts from gamma rays and ends on to radio waves. The boundaries between the regions are approximate and the molecular process associated with each region are quite di_erent.The regions in increasing order of frequency are 1/ Radio frequency region ;Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.The energy changes with change in direction of spin of a nucleus and elec- tron. 2/ Micro wave region:Rotational spectroscopy .Change in energy arise from transi- tions to higher energy associated with change in the rotational quantum number of the molecule. 3/Infra-red region:Vibrational spectroscopy The energy changes associated with transitions between vibrational levels of molecules. 4/Vis- ible and Ultraviolet region:Electronic spectroscopy The energy changes accom- pained with valence electrons of molecules. 5/X-ray region: inner electrons of an atom or a molecule invole in order to change energy of molecule. 6/ X-ray region: nuclear excitations necessary for an enegy change. 1.4.2 Law of molecular Absorption:Beer-Lambert law All spectrophotometric methods that measure concentration in terms of absorbance,including detection of proteins and nucleic acids,determine molar absorptivity of metal com- plex,various enzyme essay,describe attenuation of solar or stellar radiation and di_er- ent metabolites based upon two basic rules,which combinely spoken as Beer-Lambert law.This law was basically originate by a French mathematician Lambert,which states that the function of light absorbed by a transparent medium s independent of the inci- dent light assing through it.This shows that logarithm of the decrease in light intensity along the light path with respect to thickness of medium which can be written as follow log10(I0/I) = kl where IÂÂ ° is incident light intensity,I is light path length,k is a medium constant which is further interpret by a Beer,a German Physicist in the same year states that the amountof light absorbed is proportional to the number of molecules of the chromophore through which the light passes.One can also says that constant K is directly proportional to the chromophore concentration i.e. K=eC,e is the molar absorptivity of chromophore and is equal to absorption of 1M of solution at a path length of 1 cm and their unit is M-1cm-1.Now,combinely Lambert-Beer law presented as A = lC, whereby,the term log10(I0/I) is re_ered as absorbance(A),l is the thickness of solution and E is the molar absorption coe_cient. 1.4.3 Electonic transitions in Nucleic Acids Absorption or emission of radiations in nucleic acid causes di_erent types of transitions in UV-visible spectral regions and appear from n-pi* and pi -pi* transitions of purine and pyramidine bases. -* transition Large amount of energy required for the shifting of an electron from a bonding molec- ular orbital to a * antibonding molecular orbital in the UV region.Unsaturated hydro- carbons shows this type of transition and being transprent in the near UV such as methane,heptane and cyclohexane that shows maximum absorbance below 200 nm due to the fact that absorbance is equal to 1 for a thickness of 1 cm below 200nm. Similarly, water in the near UV(A=0.01 for 1cm ,at lambda =190nm)is transparent due to the presence of -* and n-* transitions. n- *transition This type of transition usually occur in compounds having lone pair of electrons and required energy lower than -* transition for the promotion of an n electron from an atom to an * molecular orbital.Moderate wavelength range for this transition is 150 to 250 nm as 180nm for alcohols,near 190nm for ethers or halogen derivatives and in the region of 220nm for amines. *transition Most of the organic compounds have a conjugate system and shows -* transitions with an intense strong absorption band occuring anywhere in the near UV region which depends upon the presence of heteroatoms substituents.These compounds also shows a slightly blue and red shift with respect to its polarity. n- *transition These bands are called forbidden bands having a low molar absorptivity less than 100 and originate from promotion of electron from a non bonding molecular orbital to an anti-bonding *orbital.This transition is more pronounced in molecules having a hetero atom with a lone pair of electron i.e.carbonyl which requires low energy and occur in the regions from 270 to 300 nm. d-d transition electrons placed in incompletely _lled d orbitals of most of the inorganic salts are re- sponsible for transitions of weak absorption and also color and located in the visible region..That is why the solutions of metallic salts of titanium or copper are blue,while potassium permeganate yeilds violet solutions, and so on. 1.4.4 Chemical shift Bathochromic shift change in max to longer wavelength(lower frequency)also change absorption,reectance transmittance or emission spectrum of a molecule mostly due to substitution or solvent e_ect i.e change in polarity of solvent called as bathochromic shift or red shift.Solvent e_ect is weak in less polar compounds as compared to polar one which can stabilise excited form,favours transition and causes a change in wavelength towards longer side. Hypsochromic shift The opposite e_ect of bathochromic shift also called as blue shift as max shift towards the blue end of spectrum.Unbonded electron pair lowers the energy of the n-orbital and increased solvation causes hysochromic shift.Mostly polar solvents such as water and alcohol have pronounce e_ect of hypsochromism due to broad hydrogen bonding between protons and the non-bonded electron pair during solvation. Hypochromic shift reduction in the intensity of uv light without any change in wavelength called as hypochormic e_ect which caused by the entry of an auxochrome which distrots the chromophore.For example ,biphenyl shows lAMDAmax 252nm,Emax19,000,whereas 2,2-dimethylbiphenyl shows Lambda max 270nm,Emax 800. Hyperchromic shift This e_ect leads to an increase in absorption of UV light at same wavelength due to appearance of an au that causes hyperchromic shift.For example,benzene shows B-band at 256nm,Emax 200,whereas aniline shows B-band AT 280nm,Emax 1430.The increase of 1230 in the value Emax of aniline compared to that of benzene is due to the hyperchromic e_ect of the auxochrome NH2. 1.4.5 Chromophore groups Organic compound mostly containing double bond is responsible to produce color and absorption of ultraviolet or visible radiations as single bond is not enough to do that but if many are present in conjugations,sharp color can produce. A single functional group or a collection of functional groups also capable for absorption and they also act as a chromophore. A complex molecule can contain more than one chromophore so the e_ect of conjugation on the chromophore is to shift the maximum absorption to a longer wavelength .i.e. a bathochromic shift or red shift appear with an increase in absorption intensity and the spectrum is strongly upset with respect to the superimposing e_ects of random chromophores. The more the number of carbon atoms on which the conjugated system is spreaded,the more the decrement in the di_erence between energy levels.and accounts large bathchromic e_ect. A very simple spectrum of a compound having one main peak absorbing below 300nm possibly contains a very simple conjugated system Instrumentation in UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Visible spectrophotometer is a very simple to operate and able to perform quick qualitative as well as quantitative analysis.It is usuallay designed around _ve funda- mentals parts i.e. a radiation source,a monochromater(wavelength selector),a samplecell(cuvette),detector and a signal processor (readout device) for measuring the absorp- tion of uv or visible radiations.These components are typically integrated in a unique frame work to make spectrometers for chemical analysis.Two types of UV-Visible spec- trophotometers are generally in use:a _xed spectrophotometer with a single beam and a scanning spectrophotometer with double beams.Single beam spectrophotometers are highly sensitive devices and obtaining a spectrum requires measuring the transmittance of the sample and the blank at each wavelength separately.In the double beam spec- trophotometer,the light split into two parallel beams,each of which passes through a cell;one cell contains the sample dissolved in a solvent and the other cell contains the solvent alone.The detector measures the intensity of light transmitted through the sam- ple cell. Light source The intensity of radiation coming from the light source varies over the entire UV-Vis range.More than one type of source can be used in UV-Vis spectrophotmeter which au- tomatically swap lamps when scanning between the UV and visible range .A deutrium lamp is used for the wavelengths in the UV range,a tungsten lamp is used for the wave- lengths in the visible range and alternatively for the entire UV-Visible region,a xenon lamp can be used. Monochromator Its role is to spread the beam of light into its component wavelengths and a system of slits focuses the desired wavelength on the sample cell.The most widely used dispersing device is a prism or a grating made p of quartz because quartz is transparent throughout the UV range. Detector The detector converts the intensity of light reaching it to an electrical signal.It is by nature a single channel device.Two types of detector are used,either a photomultiplier tube or a semiconductor.For both of which the sensitivity depends upon the wavelength. QSAR and Drug design Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) (sometimes QSPR: quantitative structure-property relationship) is the process by which chemical structure is quanti- tatively correlated with a well de_ned process, such as biological activity or chemical reactivity. For example, biological activity can be expressed quantitatively as in the concentra- tion of a substance required to give a certain biological response. Additionally, when physicochemical properties or structures are expressed by numbers, one can form a math- ematical relationship, or quantitative structure-activity relationship, between the two. The mathematical expression can then be used to predict the biological response of other chemical structures. QSARs most general mathematical form is: * Activity = f(physiochemical properties and/or structural properties) Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) represent an attempt to corre- late structural or property descriptors of compounds with activities. These physico- chemical descriptors, which include parameters to account for hydrophobicity, topology, electronic properties, and steric e_ects, are determined empirically or, more recently, by computational methods. Activities used in QSAR include chemical measurements and biological assays. QSAR currently are being applied in many disciplines, with many pertaining to drug design and environmental risk assessment. Chromophore Organic compound mostly containing double bond is responsible to produce color and absorption of ultraviolet or visible radiations as single bond is not enough to do that but if many are present in conjugations,sharp color can produce. A single functional group or a collection of functional groups also capable for absorption and they also act as a chromophore. A complex molecule can contain more than one chromophore so the effect of conjugation on the chromophore is to shift the maximum absorption to a longer wavelength .i.e. a bathochromic shift or red shift appear with an increase in absorption intensity and the spectrum is strongly upset with respect to the superimposing effects of random chromophores. The more the number of carbon atoms on which the conjugated system is spreaded,the more the decrement in the difference between energy levels.and accounts large bathchromic effect. A very simple spectrum of a compound having one main peak absorbing below 300nm possibly contains a ve ry simple conjugated system such as diene or an enone whereas, if the spectrum is much mixed and also allocated in a visible region,then the molecule must contain chromophore having large red shift such as polyene ,polycyclic aromatic system etc. Solvent Effect Selection of solvent used in UV-visible spectroscopy is very important. The prime requirement for a solvent is that it should be transparent to radiation over full UV range and also not absorb UV radiations in the region of substance whose spectrum is actually analysed .Most of the organic solvents successfully meet that criteria and solvents without having any conjugtion are very convenient for this purpose.Among the solvents ,the water ,95% ethanol and hexane are most commonly used and are transparent in the full uv spectrum. Another valuable requirement for selecting a solvent is that it gives a nice spectrum of a set a absorption bands because polar solvent form hydrogen bonds with solute and the fine spectrum of the complex may vanish but this is not the case for non polar solvents where a fine spectrum often easily appears because of the absence of hydrogen bonding.Polar solvents also shows bathochromic effect which causes a decrease in electronic state. Asecond criteria for agood solvent is its effect on the fine strusture of an absorption band.Ano polar solvent doesnot hydrogen bond with the solute,and the spectrum of the solute closely approximate s the spectrum that would be produced in the gaseous state ,in which fine structure is often observed.In a polar solvent the hydrogen bonding forms a solute solvent comlex and the fine structure may disappear. Athird criteria for a good solvent is its ability to influence th

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground :: essays research papers

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The video I reviewed was a National Geographic film called Mysteries Underground. This video was about extraordinary sites there are to see in underground caves. You traveled along with cave explorers and got to see all the beautiful untouched natural formations such as gypsum chandeliers, gnarled calcite columns, and jewel-like lakes. It showed and talked about all the careful proceders the cave explorers go through. It also talked about how the formations were made over such a long time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I learned many interesting things that would never seem possible. In the world's new most exotic ,Lechuguilla, cave there lied water so clean and clear that the cave explorers were forced to take all there clothes off before they swam acrossed it because the littlest dirt from any clothing would contaminate the pureness of the water. All the cave explorers are very cautious as to what they touch or where they step because some of the crystal formations are so fragile that the slightest vibration from a voice or a footstep could ruin millions of years of forming. In some parts of caves there are giant and very smooth ice formations that must be slid down very carefully because if they are not taken cautiously you will pick up to much speed while sliding and finally hit some kind of stone wall or something. One lady was not careful enough and boy did she pay. She was only a mile and a half or so in the cave and she broke her leg. It took almost five days to get who to the surface of the cave where she could be attended to. Also I found out that caves were much larger then I had originally thought. The largest cave now, Mammoth Cave, is over 200 miles long. And if you are exploring a cave being miles and miles from the entrance it is very important that you be careful because if you break your leg that far from the entrance it would probably take months to get you out safely. One safety precaution I learned was that when the explorers are traveling through cold water they must make sure they don't get their upperbody wet because that will cause them to freeze and get many sicknesses that are caused by the cold. One thing that I found interesting was that with the technology today you would think that we would have all the caves discovered and explored. We aren't close at all. In fact some caves have been being explored for years and there is still no end in sight.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Personal, learning & thinking skills Essay

To provide the highest level of personal care (toileting, bathing etc) and attention to residents, following individual care plans carefully and ensuring that all contact is polite, friendly warm and supportive. To act as a key worker for a named group of residents, ensuring that these responsibilities are carried out in full (as defined in the training manual). To understand and comply with all statutory and legal requirements which are relevant such as Health & safety, COSSH, all aspects of the health & social care Act, to maintain a safe enviroment throughout the home. Understand and have an awareness of infection control. To always be alert to residents physical and mental well being, immediately reporting and changes in a residents condition to a senior person on duty, and to accurately maintain and update residents records as required. To respect and maintain confidentiality of residents personal information at all times, this includes residents behaviour and actions and any incidents that may occur in the course of day to day care. Be understanding and patient towards residents and their needs, and encourage, assist and support residents to  participate in lesiure activities as appropriate to the individual, ensuring their social and emotional needs are met. This also includes escorting residents to outside appoinments and leisure outings. Responsible for making and changing bed, tidying residents rooms (with the residents permission) undertaking light cleaning duties as needed and generally assisting in ensuring that the Home is kept clean, pleasant and wecoming at all times. Helping to serve meals and drinks at meal times and other times when required, taking care to present meals and refreshment in an attractive way, with polite and courteous service. Also, to provide the appropriate level of support and helping new team members as appropriate, ensuring that the Care Home is a friendly and supportive working enviroment.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Learn How Many Total Electoral Votes There Are

Learn How Many Total Electoral Votes There Are In the United States, the president and vice president are elected by the Electoral College rather than the popular vote of the people- and, as of April 2018, there are a total of 538 electoral votes. This system of indirect democracy was chosen by the  Founding Fathers  as a compromise between allowing Congress to elect a president and giving potentially uninformed citizens a direct vote.   The history of how that number of electoral votes came to be and the number needed to elect a president is an interesting story. Electoral Votes Background Former U.S. Treasury Secretary  Alexander Hamilton  wrote in Federalist (Paper) No. 68: Nothing was more to be desired than that every practicable obstacle should be opposed to cabal, intrigue, and corruption.  The Federalist Papers, authored by Hamilton,  James Madison, and John Jay, represented an attempt to convince the  states to ratify the Constitution. The framers of the Constitution, and many in leadership positions in the 1780s, feared the influence of the  unwashed  mob. They feared that, if allowed to directly elect the president, the general populace might foolishly vote for an unqualified president or even a despot- or the  masses might be unduly  influenced by foreign governments  when voting for a president. In essence, the Founding Fathers felt the masses could not be trusted. Hence, they created the Electoral College, where citizens of each state would vote for a slate of electors, who theoretically were pledged to then vote for a specific candidate. But, if circumstances warranted, the electors could be free to vote for a candidate other than the one to whom they were pledged. The Electoral College Today Today, each citizens vote indicates which electors he would like to have represent  him during the Electoral College process. Each presidential ticket has a group of designated electors ready to respond should their party win the popular vote of the people during a presidential election, which occurs every four years in November. The number of electoral votes is derived by adding the number of senators (100), the number of members in the House of Representatives (435), and three additional votes for the District of Columbia. (The District of Columbia was awarded three electoral votes with the passage of the 23rd Amendment in 1961.) The total number of electors, then, adds up to 538 total votes. To win the presidency, a candidate needs more than 50 percent of the electoral votes. Half of 538 is 269. Therefore, a candidate needs 270 Electoral College votes to win. More About the Electoral College The total number of electoral votes does not vary from year to year because the number of members of the House of Representatives and the Senate does not change. Instead, every 10  years with the new census, the number of electors shifts from states that have lost population to states that have gained population. Though the number of electoral votes is fixed at 538, there are circumstances that can arise requiring special attention. There is a constitutional process that goes into effect in case of a  tie in the Electoral College.Most states use a winner-takes-all method, where the candidate who wins the states popular vote is awarded the states entire slate of electors. As of April 2018, Maine and Nebraska are the only states that do not use a winner-takes-all system.Because of the way electors are apportioned, the presidential candidate with the most votes by the citizenry does not always win the election and become president. This was the case with  Hillary Clinton, who  won the popular vote by nearly 3 million ballots  in the 2016 presidential election, but  Donald Trump  became president because he  received 290 out of 538 electoral votes, 20 more than the 270 electoral votes he needed to win.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

botticelli Essays

botticelli Essays botticelli Paper botticelli Paper Botticelli and His Portrayal of Women Botticelli is one of the most famous artists during the Italian Renaissance. He was very well know for the portrayal of the female figure and his ability to incorporate femininity as a symbol of life itself and/or nature illustrated by the changes of seasons. Botticelli most famous figure was that of Venus, the goddess of love. She was incorporated into two of his most famous works, The Birth of Venus and Primavera. Most of Botticellis women had that typical hourglass figure to them . During the time period in which these works were created, women with the physical characteristics of Venus were considered to be the ideal feminine figure. These women were considered to be ideal because during this era, flesh was a symbol of health, wealth, and stability (Sandro , 1). Women of this built were obviously healthy because this showed that they ate well and were thus financially secure. Thin women on the other hand were viewed as being poor and thus u nderfed and unhealthy due to ! lack of funds and hard labor. Also, men viewed Venus (especially her wide hips) to be the perfect figure, because they saw that type of figure to be designed especially for the purposes of child bearing (Turner 151). Venus, the goddess of love, is illustrated in Sandro Botticellis The Birth of Venus, as the ultimate glorification of the female figure, because this painting depicts the beginning of all beginnings, which is the birth of the goddess of love herself. It depicts this image because she is drawn as a pure person, not knowing much about what is happening. Botticelli does not show any signs of disrespect towards women. In fact in this painting, even though the goddess is Rizzo 2 nude, he depicts her in such a fashion that shows she has self-confidence and lack of embarrassment. The arm that covers her breasts and the log hair covering the genitals is how she is preventing he

Monday, November 4, 2019

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Case Study Example The Repo 108 transactions pledged 108% collateralization. At the end of the second quarter reporting period in 2008, Lehman had over $50 billion in Repo 105 transactions and about $6 billion in cash and cash equivalents. The theoretical accounting justification that this treatment as a â€Å"sale† and a contract for repurchase is that the 5% extra of assets transferred is so much greater than interest for the short period that repurchase is obviously different from a pure loan. (Per the legal letter from theLinklaters law firm in London in 2001.) The crux of the E & Y argument is that SFAS 140 (adopted in 2000) in paragraph 98 states that such Repos â€Å"shall† be treated as a sale. Several amendments and changes to SFAS 140 were made prior to 2007 and 2008 when the Repos became a big problem for Lehman and SFAS 160 more recently. The SEC apparently does not have sufficient confidence to charge former Lehman executives with fraud, but is further investigating E & Y. The status of SFAS 140 indicates all conditions set by the letter of the law. SFAS also violates the principles of accounting set by FASB. Many potential investors offer false promises hence altering the accounting information. Rules set in accounting often offer misleading information as it is in the case of SFAS 140. The practice aids accountants remove the temporary liabilities from company balance sheets on temporary purchasing agreements. This is because the transaction is handled as a sale instead of a liability. The controversy of SFAS 140 did not arise in 2008. The standard was under controversy for amendment reasons. The amendment was to re-examine parts of the provisions set for SFAS 140 that may offer misleading information. The issue experienced with Lehman brought about the issue of fore front. SFAS 140 is used by accountants to move assets transfer in the form of sale under certain conditions. SFAS 1140 however has many controversies since its roll out. Investigations

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Dialogue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dialogue - Essay Example Seventh floor. Sixth. Fifth. Fourth. Third. The door opened. I said to myself â€Å"This is it†. As I walked towards the hallway, I felt conscious. It seems that everyone was looking at me although the truth is – they were all busy with their work. I stood in front of Room 305. I was about to knock on the door when it was opened by an elderly man who is actually the police inspector. His gray suit revealed his position and demeanor. He was gentle-looking but something about him revealed a tough character. He asked , â€Å" Where were you that night when the laptops were stolen?†He was searching me for any clues that might reveal my secrets. The ring on his finger showed that he belonged to a secret society. â€Å" I was at home entertaining friends†. Obviously, it was a lie. However, I can easily ask my friends to cover for me and testify that they were with me that fateful night. I added, â€Å"One of my close friends celebrated his birthday at my place. Besides, at that time of the night, I am usually home relaxing on any given weekday.† I was trying to evaluate what I have said. Was there any clue that I was defensive? I hope not. He was suspicious of what I said. â€Å" You mean to say you do not spend overtime?† Apparently, he was not satisfied with my previous statements. â€Å"It is highly unlikely that you don’t stay late in the office since you are a busy man in a busy department.† A mixed feeling of fear and guilt was inside my chest. I could hear my heart beating loud. Nevertheless, I defended myself by saying† Am I not allowed to relax after work?†. I knew it was an indirect answer. Suddenly, the room was getting