Mexican Cuisine And Its Effects On American Culture

Peru is different than other Latin American countries because of its immense diversity. Immigrants from all different origins, come together and contribute something special to the original Peruvian culture and cuisine. In Peru, each group of people is different. However, when they arrive in the United States, they are seen as Peruvian. These Peruvians are identified by their country, rather than what region they come from. When they come to America the fear and anxiety of assimilating to a foreign country is eased by the diverse individuals coming together with familiar foods from their shared homeland. At the same time, their food is able to bring a new flavor to mainland culture and American society. Peruvian cuisine has been influenced by its geography. Peru is divided into three major regions: the western coast, the highlands, and the jungle. In each part, the climate influences the cuisine drastically and adds flavors to the food. The western coast is dry, with a large area of land for agriculture, making it easier for large amounts of potatoes to grow (Ember 1755). In the highlands, where the indigenous community lives, the weather constantly changes. They are able to produce different kinds of food such as corn, rice, and potatoes even due to the weather (Albala 267). Since Peru is in such close proximity to the Pacific Ocean, it is a main resource for fish and therefore is prevalent a lot in the cuisine (Wall 22). The Inca Empire created Peru’s original cuisineShow MoreRelatedThe Crystal Frontier By Carlos Fuentes1438 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Crystal Frontier, Carlos Fuentes presents two of his main characters in much a similar fashion; in Spoils, we find Dionisio is a world-renowned chef and cuisine connoisseur, and also a fervent critic of American cuisine and culture. Dionisio believes that through his country’s chromosomal imperialism, Mexico will be able to solidify its sphere of influence in America; however, when he travels to the United States, he indulges in the same institutions that he ridicules when he lives in MexicoRead MoreTaco Us How Mexican Food Became More American Than Apple Pie1384 Words   |  6 PagesGustavo Arellano’s Response to a Tater Tot Burrito â€Å"Taco USA: How Mexican Food Became More American Than Apple Pie† was written in 2012 by Gustavo Arellano, a prolific food author for the Orange County newspaper OC Weekly. This article originally appeared as an online publication in Reason Magazine. Arellano has written books about Mexican food and its role in the American experience. 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Benjamin Banneker Rhetorical Analysis - 1326 Words

Banneker Analysis After the Revolutionary War, and while America was still trying to establish itself, it faced many problems in society, including the issue of race and slavery. There were many Americans who viewed blacks as inferior beings who should be confined to a life of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the father of The Declaration of Independence, was one of those people. In 1791, Benjamin Banneker, a free and educated black man, responded to Jefferson’s work,c Notes on the State of Virginia, which basically provides reasons of why blacks are inferior to whites. Banneker uses the rhetorical strategies of flattering Jefferson originally, pointing out Jefferson’s hypocrisy, and providing justification that blacks are not inferior, and uses†¦show more content†¦Instead, this rhetorical strategy allows Banneker to grab Jefferson’s attention so that he can freely explain his purposes in later paragraphs. Once Banneker has grabbed Jefferson’s attention with this flattering, he begins pointing out the hypocrisy of what Jefferson has professed about liberty and freedom in the past, and how it contradicts to the way blacks in America are being treated. One powerful way Banneker does this is by reminding Jefferson of â€Å"that time in which the Arms and tyranny of the British Crown were exerted with every powerful effort in order to reduce you to a State of Servitude.† This comparison of Britain’s tyranny to slavery allows Jefferson to almost place himself in Banneker’s shoes, and to relate to the struggles that blacks have faced. It also points to Jefferson’s hypocrisy because of what Jefferson was specifically fighting for. These were the natural rights of â€Å" ‘life, liberty, and the pursuit of happyness’,â€Å" and the idea that â€Å" ‘all men are created equal’.† These are the exact same things Banneker is fig hting for, and the fact that Jefferson was an advocate of these same ideas makes it impossible for him to disagree with Banneker. The direct quotes from the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Jefferson, gives Jefferson two options: one, to be called a hypocrite, or two, to support Banneker and his purpose. Since Banneker’s overall goal is to endShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Benjamin Banneker821 Words   |  4 Pages In 1791 Benjamin Banneker, the son of a former slave, wrote a letter to Thomas Jefferson, framer of the Declaration of Independence and secretary of state to President George Washington, arguing against slavery. Banneker constructs an argument in his letter to persuade Jefferson of the cruelty and inhumanity that slavery entails. Motivated by the desire to convince Jefferson to abolish slavery, Banneker appeals to pathos by comparing slavery to the American Revolution, appeals to logos by referencingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Benjamin Banneker928 Words   |  4 PagesBenjamin Banneker, the son of former slaves, writes to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 in an effort to denounce slavery in the United States. His letter was written in an era during a time which slavery was commonly practiced in the United States. In his appeals, Benjamin touches on topics of the cruel way blacks were treated and attempts to persuade Thomas Jefferson to reconsider his tolerance of such a heartless system. In his letter, Banneker utilizes ethos, pathos, logos, textual citation, and textualRead MoreThomas Jefferson Rhetorical Analysis1011 Words   |  5 PagesMy rhetorical analysis is about a free African-American almanac writer, naturalist, and farmer who fought against slavery and who earned the recognition of many high officials of the time, including Thomas Jefferson. As D.L. Chandler pointed out, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19, 1791, to condemn the practice of slavery in the United States. Banneker attempte d to persuade Thomas Jefferson of his forbearance of slave practices and the fact that he owned slaves yet pronounced

Solutions, Dilutions and molarity calculations Free Essays

Why is a conical flask, rather than a beaker, used in the experiment? – To allow easy mixing of solutions by swirling. 2. Why is the funnel removed from the burette after adding the acid solution? – so that the drops from the funnel will not fall into the burette. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions, Dilutions and molarity calculations or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. In using a burette, why is it important to (a) rinse it with a little of the solution it is going to contain? – to remove any residual water and so avoid dilution of the acid solution when it is poured into the burette. (b) to clamp it vertically? – to enable the liquid level to be read correctly. ) to have the part below the tap full? – to ensure that the actual volume of liquid delivered into the flask is read correctly. 4. Give one reason for carrying out the following procedures during the titration. (i) The sides of the conical flask were washed down with deionised water? – To ensure that all of the acid added from the burette can react with the base. (ii) The conical flask was frequently swirled or shaken? – To ensure complete mixing of the reactants. 5. Why is a rough titration carried out? – To find the approximate end point. This nformation enables the subsequent titrations to be carried out more quickly. 6. Why is more than one accurate titration carried out? – To minimise error by getting accurate readings within 0. 1-3 cm of each other. 7. Explain why hydrochloric acid is not used as a primary standard? – The exact concentration of any hydrochloric acid solution is not known, unless it is prepared from standard ampoules. Laboratory grade hydrochloric acid is not sufficiently pure. 8. Can any of the following be used as primary standards: NaOH, H2S04, HN03? Explain your answer. A primary standard should be available in a highly pure state and stable. None of these substances are available pure because: (a) NaOH readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air. (b) Concentrated H2S04 readily absorbs water from the air. (c)HN03 breaks down releasing N02 gas. 9. If you used only 10cm3 of sodium carbonate solution in the conical flask, calculate how much acid would be required to neutralise it. x 10-3 moles Na2C03 10cm3 Na 2CO 3 solution used at concentration of 0. 1 M 1 2 x 10-3 moles HCL required Concentration of HCL is 0. M 1000 x 2 x 10-3 / 0. 23crn3 required = 10. 5crn fi13. 10. Describe briefly how a pure dry sample of sodium chloride could be obtained having carried out the titration? – Using the information provided by the titration results, add Just enough hydrochloric acid to exactly neutralise 25cm 3 of sodium carbonate. The indicator should not be added. Gently heat the solution until all the water has evaporated to dryness. A sample of sodium chloride will remain in the beaker. Solutions, Dilutions and molarity calculations By AbigailHerbert How to cite Solutions, Dilutions and molarity calculations, Papers

Argumentative Topic Proposal (Womens Language in Womens Writings)

Question: Discuss about the Report on Argumentative Topic Proposal (Womens Language in Womens Writings)? Answer: Introduction Helen Cixous in her The Laugh of the Medusa, for the first time coined the term ecriture feminine. According to Cixous, women should have their language of their own, which she regarded as the ecriture feminine. According to psychoanalyst like Jacques Lacan and Sigmund Freud, there is a lack in a woman because the woman lacks the phallus. Thus, according to Freud the unconscious of the women is less repressed and thus tend to be more immoral and more irrational than the man (Sayers, Janet and Deborah). Cixous challenges the view and proposed for the language of woman, according to Cixous the language used in writing has always favored the men and has favored the laws of the men. Ecriture Feminine Sexuality of the women has always been repressed and it has always been the world of women. People like Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Hlne Cixous, and Monique Witting, challenges the oppressive view of the phallogocentric Western culture. According to these people, or according to these women the repression that a women experience during the infancy period and during the phase of later sexuality, is not been expressed through jouissance, or through the direct re-experiencing of the physical pleasures (Christie). Kristeva, although limits herself until this point, such is not the case with the others. Women are seen either as a wife or as a mother, or they are seen as virgin or a prostitute. Therefore, the role of the women is always restricted as well as constructed, which these feminist scholars are opposing. As per the statements made by Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Hlne Cixous, and Monique Witting, it can be said that this kind of restriction has resulted in a great impact on t he writing style of women. Therefore, before analyzing the womens writing it is important to analyze the reason behind that particular writing style. On the other hand, the scholars, although had a similar agenda the path shown by them or rather their thoughts are different (Kamuf). Hlne Cixous proposed a language for the women, which will allow the women to express themselves, in the phallogocentric world or culture; while Kristeva believes that womens writing is similar to the writings of a hysteric because their writings stand out of the male world and while she supports the semiotic writings of Joyce, Cixous has a very different view. Cixous as if Kristeva has always liked the, authors like Joyce, whose texts could be referred as anti-phallocentric (Henke) Cixous, although, favors the writing of Joyce, yet she has a thought and that is she thinks that the unconscious of a woman is very different from the unconscious of a man. Cixous believes that the psychosexuality of the women is different from that from that of a woman, and therefore, the women could use this psychosexuality to empower themselves. Cixous also believes that with the help of their own psychosexuality, women could create their own discourse (Kamuf). Therefore, as per the arguments made by Kr isteva and Cixous, it can be said that the writing of Joyce is unique while Joyce has established the positive power of women in aspect of psychosexuality. It can also be seen from the arguments that the sexual differentiation between men and women has impacted the writing of women in such a way so that several women writer has been able to come up with their positivity in the psychosexual aspect. Conclusion Now, it is important to make some kind of argument in order to a conclusion based on the discussion of the whole study. The laws of male sexuality has led to the suffering of women and Cixous is that person who had a knowledge of these series of women suffering and who had analyzed the sufferings as well. Therefore, Cixous believe in a different id-liberated feminine discourse, and she also believes that if the women could create their own discourse with the help of their own psychosexuality then that would help them to over throw the ideology that the male sexuality has constructed. References Christie, Alex. "No Gates, No Locks, No Bolts: Feminist Politics and Information Access in the Digital Realm Aimee Armande Wilson, Indiana University of Pennsylvania awilson@ iup. edu November 19, 2015." (2015). Henke, Suzette A.James Joyce and the politics of desire. Routledge, 2015. Kamuf, Peggy. "Hlne Cixous: Writing for Her Life."Literature and the Development of Feminist Theory(2015): 128. Sayers, Janet Grace, and Deborah Jones. "Truth Scribbled in Blood: Women's Work, Menstruation and Poetry."Gender, Work Organization22.2 (2015): 94-111.

History of Television Broadcasting in Canada Before 1968

Frederick taylor Essays

Frederick taylor Essays Frederick taylor Essay Frederick taylor Essay Frederick Taylor Introduction Schermerhorn et al described Fredrick W Taylor as the father of scientific management. Taylor introduced the scientific management approach, which focuses on maximum productivity. Managers refer to this theory today in order to help them in the management process. This theory has proved to be effective since the mangers that refer to it have always succeeded in their management practices. Before the introduction of this theory, the businesses did not experience the great productivity being experienced in the businesses today. This is because the employees feared losing their jobs. They felt that increased productivity would make some of them lose their jobs. However, with the introduction of this theory, the problem of low productivity has ended. Fredrick W Taylor, therefore, introduces the scientific theory that contributes to the management thought and practice in many ways. This contribution also relates to the management thought and practice. Today, the managers find this theory relevant to their management practices. : Conclusion Frederick Taylor’s scientific management theory is therefore essential and materially contributes to maximum productivity. He contributes to the classical approaches of management both in thought and practically. This confirms that he is indeed the father of scientific management. This is because this theory proves to be effective. The organizations that incorporate this theory enjoy maximum profits since they ensure their employees are well trained. They also ensure to implement goals in their organizations. This enables employees to work towards these goals. The scientific theory is therefore the theory practiced by most of the organizations due to its great guidance (Jones, 2011).

RedBull & PR Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RedBull & PR - Literature review Example This paper presents an analysis of public relation strategies used by Red Bull around the world. Energy drink manufacturers, including Rend Bull GmbH, target a specific market segment, i.e., urban and young male males aged between sixteen and twenty nine (Buchholz, 2010: p43). This market segment has aspirations of living their lives on the edge. Accordingly, Red Bull uses extreme sport as a way of relating to them, with the sport being highly popular among this particular category of consumers. Additionally, the slogan used by Red Bull, i.e., Red Bull Gives You Wings†, was developed with the aim of creating public awareness among this particular segment of customers via communicating that drinking their beverages would ease challenging tasks. Moreover, the company epitomized modern branding by utilizing a marketing communication’s mix, including public relations, which sought to sell a way of life rather than a simple product and become culturally relevant (Buchholz, 20 10: p43). To do this, it was necessary for Red Bull to come up with PR strategies that caught the attention and appealed to their target group. Red Bull has come up with appropriate public relations strategies that are aimed at reaching out to its target market and getting them interested in the product (Russell, 2010: p44). As noted, Red Bull targets customer groups who live an active lifestyle by engaging in extreme sport and activities. In this regard, Red Bull’s public relations strategies attempt to create a perception that Red Bull beverages give necessary energy and edge to users, which can assist them to lead the lifestyle that they desire, as well as increase in their performance ion various aspects of their lives. Public Relations are defined as the relationships that an organization has with various public segments or groups, which have an effect on their ability to achieve their mission, objectives, and goals (Russell, 2010: p11). Companies can leverage PR by usin g publications and press kits on a regular basis in order to inform their shareholders around the world about the company, new products, news, events, and any other issues related to the company. Red Bull publishes its annual reports via which it communicates essential messages to stakeholders and the general public regarding the company. These annual reports serve as an effective tool for advertising where its main strengths and achievements are highlighted (Russell, 2010: p11). Red Bull also identifies Identity Media as one of its most effective tools for advertising (Russell, 2010: p46). The company fully utilizes Identity Media via the development of an online TV channel, which covers various company sponsored sporting events, especially extreme sports, and other programs aimed at attracting consumer interest in the company. Red Bull also publishes the Red Bulletin, a monthly magazine that is distributed by the Telegraph newspaper on Sundays. The issue carries sport reports inte rspersed with product information. The company also uses alternative methods of Public relations, for example, involving their brand in lobby activities in order to integrate themselves into various communities and build relations. One of Red Bull’s most famous public relations

Ensuring a safe Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ensuring a safe Workplace - Essay Example Productivity of an employee depends on the surrounding during task delivering. Therefore, it would be wise to support the enhancement of the working environment for the employees. Arguing for my position requires one to take a bold stand as those taken by the likes of Malcolm X and Karl Marx. Employees are and will continue to be the engine of an organization, and regardless of the level of input they add to the firm. It is a wish of all organizations to be leading in terms of sale, and brand, and to achieve that employees are a critical aspect. Conducive working environment makes employees feel safe in their daily endeavor, and this motivates them. It should never be considered blindly that employees will risk their lives for the sake of building a firm’s reputation. According to (Noe, 2006), Human Resource Management has evolved over the years to view employees as an asset rather than job seeker only after pay. In an organization where hazardous products are being handled emergency measures should be in place to salvage any outbreak (â€Å"Managing health, safety and working environment†, 2009). Esteem of employees is enhanced on how they are treated at their workstation. An employee is just like any other individual whose esteem will be improved by the surrounding. For instance, an organization where the manager uses abusive terms when addressing the employees has a severe impact on the employee’s esteem. Low esteem among employees has been identified as the cause low productivity. Human resource manager needs to ensure the employees are psychologically safe which determines the degree of job concentration. Welfare of the staffs should not be considered as secondary need while they are on duty within the organization. If the workstation is viewed as a home by employees, then productivity from them will be to the optimum. According to (PetrylaitÄâ€", &

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters 16-19 - Essay Example Furthermore, a wonderful platform was provided for entrepreneurs to showcase their talent at the onset of this revolution. Steam power was introduced with the help of which railways came into being; water wheels were made use of in the manufacturing industry; the textile industry made use of the spinning jenny as well as various other equipments that brought about a revolutionary change in American society. These effects were not only confined to America but also spread through parts of Europe as well as North America, making America to be one of the fastest growing economies at the time. A number of powerful and wealthy industrialists came into being and were known as Robber Barons who sold their products at prices that were very questionable; this process included buying out the competition, paying the employees and workers very low wages, hiking up the prices while maintaining a monopoly in order to amass wealth. This practice was followed under the concept of laissez faire which has been discussed further during the scope of this paper however it was due to such a monopoly that the government in the country had to interfere in order to keep in check the welfare of the poorer sections of society from being exploited by these barons. â€Å"Laissez-faire† is a French word-combination that literally means ‘let them do’ and may be interpreted in the economic sense as ‘let them do as they will’ or ‘leave them to do as they please.’ The phrase was brought into question when M. Le Gendre, who led a group of French businessmen, was asked about the welfare of merchants in France and how they could contribute to the commercial structure of the country. Established in the 18th century, the concept of laissez-faire was used in order to oppose any government intervention in business affairs. In America private owners have had a bigger say in matters relating to trade and commerce. E.A.J Johnson wrote the following in his 1973 study on the economic principles established at the foundation of the United States: â€Å"The general view, discernible in contemporaneous literature, was that the responsibility of government should involve enough surveillance over the enterprise system to ensure the social usefulness of all economic activity. It is quite proper, said Bordley, for individuals to â€Å"choose for themselves† how they will apply their labor and their intelligence in production. But it does not follow from this that â€Å"legislators and men of influence† are freed from all responsibility for giving direction to the course of national economic development. They must, for instance, discountenance the production of unnecessary commodities of luxury when common sense indicates the need for food and other essentials. Lawmakers can fulfill their functions properly only when they â€Å"become benefactors to the public†; in new countries they must safeguard agriculture and commerce, e ncourage immigration, and promote manufactures.† (Johnson, E.A.J) One of the main aspects of the industrial revolution in America was the development of railways and railroads because this led to the formation of the backbone of the American economy to a great extent. It assisted in balancing out transport of essential commodities to destinations near and far in order to maintain the supply of

An Introduction To DNA

An Introduction To DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of eve living organisms including some viruses. It is a dimer consists of two strands that immerse upon each other and appear as a double helix that are linked together covalently with each other. Each strand is made up of similar repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide composed of three different moieties,a 2-deoxyribose sugar,a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. 1.1.1 2-Deoxyribose sugar The 2-deoxyribose sugar, a major structural component of DNA is a cyclic molecule .The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.The 5 carbon of deoxyribose sugar is attached to the 3 carbon of the next, and make a network of 3 carbon and 5 carbon.5end of a DNA molecule is characterized by a free phosphate (P) group and the 3 end is characterized by a free hydroxyl (OH) group. It lacks an hydroxyl group at the 2 position as in a ribose therefore a sugar moiety is a 2-deoxyribose. Two free hydroxyl groups are also located on the 5 carbon and 3-carbon of 2-deoxyribose sugar.These hydroxyl groups give a DNA oligomer its designation of 5 and the 3 end(usually accent as three prime end and five prime end). 1.1.2 Sugar-Phosphate backbone The 2-deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group forms the backbone in the DNA which are highly polar and defines directionality of the molecule. The polar hydrophilic back- bone is surrounded by a core of hydrophobic bases and is important for the stability and structure of DNA. The phosphate groups have a negative charge that gives a concentra- tion of negative charge on the backbone of DNA and also makes DNA,a negatively charge 5 1 Fundamentals molecule. The charge is also neutralised by DNA-binding proteins that contain the pos- itively charged amino acids lysine and arginine, which are attracted to the negatively charged phosphate backbone. See Fig. 1.1. Figure 1.1: DNA backbone 1.1.3 Nucleic acid bases DNA contain four different nitrogenous bases that make monomer of one nucleotide different from other. These bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and gua- nine(G). The bases come in two categories pyrimidines and purines. Larger nucleic acids adenine and guanine are members of a class of doubly ringed structures called purines while the smaller nucleic acids cytosine and thymine are members of a class of singly- ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines .A six-membered ring with two-nitrogen molecule formed a pyrimidine structure whereas purine is produced by a nine-membered, ring with four- nitrogen molecule. Each unit of the ring constructing the base is numbered to for specific identification. They are arranged in a particular order along the backbone of DNA to make a long chain of varying sequence that contains the code for proteins.The sequence specifies the exact genetic instructions required to create a particular organism with its own unique traits. 6 1 Fundamentals 1.1.4 Base Pairing in DNA The nitrogenous bases are responsible to form double-strand of DNA in consequence of weak hydrogen bonds and have specific shapes and hydrogen bond properties. The three hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine and then denoted as G.C or C.G,depending on which is associated with the first strand. Similarly adenine and thymine also bond exclusively by pairing of two hydrogen bonds and then denoted as A.T or T.A. This coupling up of nitrogen bases termed as complementarity.,A hydrogen bond donor need an equivalent hydrogen bond acceptor to form a hydrogen bond in the base across from it. Purines are only complementary with pyrimidines because molecules in pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are very far from each other that doesnt makes the hydrogen bonding to be established. Purine-purine pairing are energetically unfavourable because the molecules are too close and create an electrostatic repulsion. The only possible pairings are GT and AC. Primary and secondary amine groups or hy droxyl groups are common hydrogen bond donar while carbonyl and tertiary amines are common hydrogen bond acceptor groups. There are two hydrogen bonds between an A:T base pair. One hydrogen bond lie between the 6 primary amine of adenine and the 4 carbonyl of thymine. The other hydrogen bond form between the 1 tertiary amine of adenine and the 2 secondary amine of thymine. On the other hand,G:C base pair has three hydrogen bonds. One hydrogen bond lie between guanine with its 6 hydrogen bond accepting carbonyl and cytosine having 4 hydrogen bond accepting primary amine. The second hydrogen bond also formed between guanine on 1 secondary amine and cytosine 3 tertiary amine and the third formed between the 2 primary amine on guanine and the 2 carbonyl on cytosine. 1.1.5 Directionality The directionality of DNA is vitally important to many cellular processes. since,double helices are necessarily directional(a strand running 5 to 3 pairs with strand running 3 to 5 )and processes such as DNA replication occur in only one direction. The two DNA strands in a duplex are anti parallel and form a chemically stable structure. That is, one strand running from the 5-phosphate to 3-OH is paired with the other strand arranged with its 3-OH opposite the 5-phosphate of the first strand, and its 5-phosphate opposite the 3- OH of the first strand. 7 1 Fundamentals 1.1.6 3 end and 5 en DNA strand is inherently directional.The 3 prime end has a free hydroxyl (or phos- phate) on a 3 carbon and is called as the tail end. New nucleic acid molecules are formed by one end of 3-hydroxyl as it is ligated to the other end of 5-phosphate of a different nucleotide that make it possible to form strands of connected nucleotides.Molecular biologists can use nucleotides that has a deficiency of 3-hydroxyl(dideoxyribonucleotides) to stop DNA replication .The 5 prime end has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5 carbon in the sugar-ring and this end is called as the tail end . If a phosphate group bind with the 5 end, ligation of two nucleotides can form, with a phosphodiester bond from the 5-phosphate group to the 3-hydroxyl end of other nucleotide. ligation can also stop if the above process is eliminated. Molecular biologists have an advantage of the above phenomenon to stop ligation of any unnecessary nucleic acid by removing the 5-phosphate with a phosphatase. 1.2 DNA-Ligand Binding The structure of DNA represents a variety of sites where ligands may interact and bind with DNA.The binding interaction between a drug and DNA often leads to a signi_- cant modi_cation of the structure of the DNA and may have an important inuence on their physiological functions associated with several biological e_ects including antivi- ral,antibacterial,antipotozoal and antitumor. Modes of Binding Because of the complex double-helical structure of DNA,drug molecule interact with DNA in a number of modes. A number of forces of varying strength involved in each interaction. Electrostatic forces with the phosphate backbone,sequence sensitive van der Waals interaction and hydrogen bonding interactions that occur between polar atom of bases and hydrogen molecules are incorporated singly or in combination.To understand the mechanism of interaction of each mode,it is best to discuss di_erent binding modes that can act on DNA. (a) External Binding (b) Intercalators (c) Groove binding (i) Major groove binders (ii)Minor groove binders External Binding This type of binding results due to electrostatic forces applied to the negatively charge phosphodiester group along the backbone of DNA for cationic molecule.Ligand charge, hydrophobicity and size a_ect on electrostatic interactions.External binding may also be due to either covalent or non-covalent interactions.This mode of binding is characteristics for major groocould potentially be sampled during simulations where the charge and shape of helical molecules are both changed. Intercalators An important class of molecules that binds to DNA are intercalators,which have been extensively used as a anti-cancer drug.Intercalation occurs due to immersion of a at aromatic drug molecule between nucleic bases contributes to unwind DNA helix(67).The interaction between a positively charged intercalator and a negatively charged DNA can be quite strong and form complex through electrostatic forces.Energy consumed to unstacked the nucleic acid bases which forms a gap between neighbouring base pairs into which the intercalator can _t easily.Because of small binding site,they have a little sequence selectivity and many known intercalators shows limited selectivity for GC base pairs such as ethidium bromide which has a high a_nity towards GC site.Several other drugs such as propidium,proavin, anti-tumor drugs adriamycin and actinomycin D intercalate with DNA. Groove Binders Smaller ligands preferentially binds to minor groove region whereas proteins and other large molecules speci_cally _ts into the major groove region of DNA. They have crescent -shaped conformation due to presence of two or more than two aromatic rings that gives a conformational exibility to the molecule and makes it perfect to _t in the groove. They also possess some functional group that forms hydrogen bonds at lower most part of DNA bases.They perfectly accommodate in the AT rich regions but some known groove binders show little preference towards GC site. Major Groove binders Presence of number of hydrogen bonds on the DNA major groove enhance its recognition potential. Major groove speci_c compounds are alkylating and methylating agents and and N 7 position of guanine in the major groove take part in interaction.one of the most common example is Cis platin which is a well known anti cancer drug. Minor Groove binders The most widely studied DNA interacting agents are minor groove binders that occurs naturally and also synthesize according to their sequence speci_c properties as they have pronounced binding a_nity towards AT rich groove.AT binding site is more thinner and deeper than GC so that all heteroaromatic rings such as furan,pyrole,benzene and Imidazole of minor groove binders twisted and _t better into AT site by applying van der waals force.Hydrogen bonds of bound molecule attached to the AT base pairs to the C-2 carbonyl oxygen of thymine or N-3 nitrogen of adenine.GC base pairs also contain same functional groups but a steric block form by amino group of guanine in GC locations which causes hinderence to the formation of hydrogen bond on guanine at N-3 position and on cytosine at O-2 cabonyl position,prohibiting vad derWaal forces and inhibit penetration of small molecules at GC sites of minor groove.AT site selectivity for positively charged minor groove binders also enhanced due to high negative electrostatic potential as compared to GC site. A number of experimental studies shows that minor groove of B type of DNA duplexes more suitable for binding of small molecules most often with Dickerson-Drew sequence d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and also similar such as d(CGCAAATTTGCG). 1.3.1 Berenil X-ray crystallography proof complex formation of berenil with dodecanucleotides,i.e. d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and d(CGCAAATTTGCG)which in turn shows its preference of binding with AT rich site of DNA minor groove and reside between three (AAT) or four(AATT) base pairs. A number of research on berenil also con_rm its weak interac- tion and intercalating behavior.Hydrogen bonds are also formed between the amidinium groups and adenine N-3 or thymine O2 atoms on reverse strands of a double helical DNA oligonucleotide.Berenil is a curve shape drug which match the helical structure of DNA minor groove. 1.3.2 Pentamidine One of the most clinically important drug,pentamidine is a synthetic antimicrobial com- pound also known aspentamidine (1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane,among all the mi- nor groove binders.It has been use as a secondary drug for treating aids related P.carinii pneumonia.Foot printing and X-ray crystallography shows its pronounced attachment to DNA sites which has minimum four to _ve successive AT base pairs with the charged amidinium group shows hydrogen bonding to O2 of thymine or N3 of adenine on oppo- site DNA strands. It contains two phenyl rings that are twisted after binding with the minor groove by 35ÂÂ ° with respect to each other by van der Waals forces. 1.3.3 DAPI DAPI also called 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) is a synthetic,unfused aromatic compound is widely used in molecular biology as a uorochrome on binding upon AT site of minor groove binder as well as an intercalating drug.upon binding to GC rich sequence without showing any property of uorescence.X-ray structure of DAPI with d(CGCGAATTCGCG)exhibited that the drug span three base pairs and also give a clear picture of parallel attachment of phenyl and indole rings to the minor groove walls of DNA. |||||||| 1.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is a valuable tool in the study of intermolecular interactions. It is a well developed routine technique and plays an important role in analytical chemistry as well as it has widespread application in physics and life sciences. It deals with the mea- surement of the absorption of radiations in the ultraviolet and visible region of spec- trum.Spectroscopic techniques form the largest and the most important single group of techniques used in analytical chemistry,and provide a wide range of quantitative and qualitative information. All spectroscopic techniques depend on the emission or ab- sorption of electromagnetic radiations and used to determine the electronic structure of atoms and molecules. In order to understand these techniques,it is necessary to have some knowledge about properties of electromagnetic radiations and the nature of atomic and molecular energy. The ultraviolet region extends from 10 to 400nm.It is subdivided into near ultraviolet region (200 to 400nm) and the far or vacuum ultraviolet region(10 to 200 nm).The visible region extends from 400 to 800 nm. 1.4.1 Electromagnetic radiations Electromagnetic radiations are produced by the oscillation of electric charge and mag- netic _eld residing on the atom and has its origins in atomic and molecular processes. It vibrates perpendicular to the direction of propagation with a wave motion and can travel in space and does not need a medium like air or water to travel through. There are various forms of electromagnetic radiations e.g. visible,ultraviolet,infra-red, X-rays,microwaves and cosmic rays. They are characterised by frequencies,wavelength or wave numbers. The most familiar form of electromagnetic radiations is visible light which forms only a small portion of full electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic spectrum A plot which shows a number of absorption bands with respect to energy versus wave- length has some properties yield various information and is broken into several regions called as Electromagnetic Spectrum.Di_erent regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide di_erent kinds of information as a result of interactions. Electromagnetic spec- trum covers a very wide range of electromagnetic radiation that starts from gamma rays and ends on to radio waves. The boundaries between the regions are approximate and the molecular process associated with each region are quite di_erent.The regions in increasing order of frequency are 1/ Radio frequency region ;Nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.The energy changes with change in direction of spin of a nucleus and elec- tron. 2/ Micro wave region:Rotational spectroscopy .Change in energy arise from transi- tions to higher energy associated with change in the rotational quantum number of the molecule. 3/Infra-red region:Vibrational spectroscopy The energy changes associated with transitions between vibrational levels of molecules. 4/Vis- ible and Ultraviolet region:Electronic spectroscopy The energy changes accom- pained with valence electrons of molecules. 5/X-ray region: inner electrons of an atom or a molecule invole in order to change energy of molecule. 6/ X-ray region: nuclear excitations necessary for an enegy change. 1.4.2 Law of molecular Absorption:Beer-Lambert law All spectrophotometric methods that measure concentration in terms of absorbance,including detection of proteins and nucleic acids,determine molar absorptivity of metal com- plex,various enzyme essay,describe attenuation of solar or stellar radiation and di_er- ent metabolites based upon two basic rules,which combinely spoken as Beer-Lambert law.This law was basically originate by a French mathematician Lambert,which states that the function of light absorbed by a transparent medium s independent of the inci- dent light assing through it.This shows that logarithm of the decrease in light intensity along the light path with respect to thickness of medium which can be written as follow log10(I0/I) = kl where IÂÂ ° is incident light intensity,I is light path length,k is a medium constant which is further interpret by a Beer,a German Physicist in the same year states that the amountof light absorbed is proportional to the number of molecules of the chromophore through which the light passes.One can also says that constant K is directly proportional to the chromophore concentration i.e. K=eC,e is the molar absorptivity of chromophore and is equal to absorption of 1M of solution at a path length of 1 cm and their unit is M-1cm-1.Now,combinely Lambert-Beer law presented as A = lC, whereby,the term log10(I0/I) is re_ered as absorbance(A),l is the thickness of solution and E is the molar absorption coe_cient. 1.4.3 Electonic transitions in Nucleic Acids Absorption or emission of radiations in nucleic acid causes di_erent types of transitions in UV-visible spectral regions and appear from n-pi* and pi -pi* transitions of purine and pyramidine bases. -* transition Large amount of energy required for the shifting of an electron from a bonding molec- ular orbital to a * antibonding molecular orbital in the UV region.Unsaturated hydro- carbons shows this type of transition and being transprent in the near UV such as methane,heptane and cyclohexane that shows maximum absorbance below 200 nm due to the fact that absorbance is equal to 1 for a thickness of 1 cm below 200nm. Similarly, water in the near UV(A=0.01 for 1cm ,at lambda =190nm)is transparent due to the presence of -* and n-* transitions. n- *transition This type of transition usually occur in compounds having lone pair of electrons and required energy lower than -* transition for the promotion of an n electron from an atom to an * molecular orbital.Moderate wavelength range for this transition is 150 to 250 nm as 180nm for alcohols,near 190nm for ethers or halogen derivatives and in the region of 220nm for amines. *transition Most of the organic compounds have a conjugate system and shows -* transitions with an intense strong absorption band occuring anywhere in the near UV region which depends upon the presence of heteroatoms substituents.These compounds also shows a slightly blue and red shift with respect to its polarity. n- *transition These bands are called forbidden bands having a low molar absorptivity less than 100 and originate from promotion of electron from a non bonding molecular orbital to an anti-bonding *orbital.This transition is more pronounced in molecules having a hetero atom with a lone pair of electron i.e.carbonyl which requires low energy and occur in the regions from 270 to 300 nm. d-d transition electrons placed in incompletely _lled d orbitals of most of the inorganic salts are re- sponsible for transitions of weak absorption and also color and located in the visible region..That is why the solutions of metallic salts of titanium or copper are blue,while potassium permeganate yeilds violet solutions, and so on. 1.4.4 Chemical shift Bathochromic shift change in max to longer wavelength(lower frequency)also change absorption,reectance transmittance or emission spectrum of a molecule mostly due to substitution or solvent e_ect i.e change in polarity of solvent called as bathochromic shift or red shift.Solvent e_ect is weak in less polar compounds as compared to polar one which can stabilise excited form,favours transition and causes a change in wavelength towards longer side. Hypsochromic shift The opposite e_ect of bathochromic shift also called as blue shift as max shift towards the blue end of spectrum.Unbonded electron pair lowers the energy of the n-orbital and increased solvation causes hysochromic shift.Mostly polar solvents such as water and alcohol have pronounce e_ect of hypsochromism due to broad hydrogen bonding between protons and the non-bonded electron pair during solvation. Hypochromic shift reduction in the intensity of uv light without any change in wavelength called as hypochormic e_ect which caused by the entry of an auxochrome which distrots the chromophore.For example ,biphenyl shows lAMDAmax 252nm,Emax19,000,whereas 2,2-dimethylbiphenyl shows Lambda max 270nm,Emax 800. Hyperchromic shift This e_ect leads to an increase in absorption of UV light at same wavelength due to appearance of an au that causes hyperchromic shift.For example,benzene shows B-band at 256nm,Emax 200,whereas aniline shows B-band AT 280nm,Emax 1430.The increase of 1230 in the value Emax of aniline compared to that of benzene is due to the hyperchromic e_ect of the auxochrome NH2. 1.4.5 Chromophore groups Organic compound mostly containing double bond is responsible to produce color and absorption of ultraviolet or visible radiations as single bond is not enough to do that but if many are present in conjugations,sharp color can produce. A single functional group or a collection of functional groups also capable for absorption and they also act as a chromophore. A complex molecule can contain more than one chromophore so the e_ect of conjugation on the chromophore is to shift the maximum absorption to a longer wavelength .i.e. a bathochromic shift or red shift appear with an increase in absorption intensity and the spectrum is strongly upset with respect to the superimposing e_ects of random chromophores. The more the number of carbon atoms on which the conjugated system is spreaded,the more the decrement in the di_erence between energy levels.and accounts large bathchromic e_ect. A very simple spectrum of a compound having one main peak absorbing below 300nm possibly contains a very simple conjugated system Instrumentation in UV-Visible Spectrophotometer UV-Visible spectrophotometer is a very simple to operate and able to perform quick qualitative as well as quantitative analysis.It is usuallay designed around _ve funda- mentals parts i.e. a radiation source,a monochromater(wavelength selector),a samplecell(cuvette),detector and a signal processor (readout device) for measuring the absorp- tion of uv or visible radiations.These components are typically integrated in a unique frame work to make spectrometers for chemical analysis.Two types of UV-Visible spec- trophotometers are generally in use:a _xed spectrophotometer with a single beam and a scanning spectrophotometer with double beams.Single beam spectrophotometers are highly sensitive devices and obtaining a spectrum requires measuring the transmittance of the sample and the blank at each wavelength separately.In the double beam spec- trophotometer,the light split into two parallel beams,each of which passes through a cell;one cell contains the sample dissolved in a solvent and the other cell contains the solvent alone.The detector measures the intensity of light transmitted through the sam- ple cell. Light source The intensity of radiation coming from the light source varies over the entire UV-Vis range.More than one type of source can be used in UV-Vis spectrophotmeter which au- tomatically swap lamps when scanning between the UV and visible range .A deutrium lamp is used for the wavelengths in the UV range,a tungsten lamp is used for the wave- lengths in the visible range and alternatively for the entire UV-Visible region,a xenon lamp can be used. Monochromator Its role is to spread the beam of light into its component wavelengths and a system of slits focuses the desired wavelength on the sample cell.The most widely used dispersing device is a prism or a grating made p of quartz because quartz is transparent throughout the UV range. Detector The detector converts the intensity of light reaching it to an electrical signal.It is by nature a single channel device.Two types of detector are used,either a photomultiplier tube or a semiconductor.For both of which the sensitivity depends upon the wavelength. QSAR and Drug design Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) (sometimes QSPR: quantitative structure-property relationship) is the process by which chemical structure is quanti- tatively correlated with a well de_ned process, such as biological activity or chemical reactivity. For example, biological activity can be expressed quantitatively as in the concentra- tion of a substance required to give a certain biological response. Additionally, when physicochemical properties or structures are expressed by numbers, one can form a math- ematical relationship, or quantitative structure-activity relationship, between the two. The mathematical expression can then be used to predict the biological response of other chemical structures. QSARs most general mathematical form is: * Activity = f(physiochemical properties and/or structural properties) Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) represent an attempt to corre- late structural or property descriptors of compounds with activities. These physico- chemical descriptors, which include parameters to account for hydrophobicity, topology, electronic properties, and steric e_ects, are determined empirically or, more recently, by computational methods. Activities used in QSAR include chemical measurements and biological assays. QSAR currently are being applied in many disciplines, with many pertaining to drug design and environmental risk assessment. Chromophore Organic compound mostly containing double bond is responsible to produce color and absorption of ultraviolet or visible radiations as single bond is not enough to do that but if many are present in conjugations,sharp color can produce. A single functional group or a collection of functional groups also capable for absorption and they also act as a chromophore. A complex molecule can contain more than one chromophore so the effect of conjugation on the chromophore is to shift the maximum absorption to a longer wavelength .i.e. a bathochromic shift or red shift appear with an increase in absorption intensity and the spectrum is strongly upset with respect to the superimposing effects of random chromophores. The more the number of carbon atoms on which the conjugated system is spreaded,the more the decrement in the difference between energy levels.and accounts large bathchromic effect. A very simple spectrum of a compound having one main peak absorbing below 300nm possibly contains a ve ry simple conjugated system such as diene or an enone whereas, if the spectrum is much mixed and also allocated in a visible region,then the molecule must contain chromophore having large red shift such as polyene ,polycyclic aromatic system etc. Solvent Effect Selection of solvent used in UV-visible spectroscopy is very important. The prime requirement for a solvent is that it should be transparent to radiation over full UV range and also not absorb UV radiations in the region of substance whose spectrum is actually analysed .Most of the organic solvents successfully meet that criteria and solvents without having any conjugtion are very convenient for this purpose.Among the solvents ,the water ,95% ethanol and hexane are most commonly used and are transparent in the full uv spectrum. Another valuable requirement for selecting a solvent is that it gives a nice spectrum of a set a absorption bands because polar solvent form hydrogen bonds with solute and the fine spectrum of the complex may vanish but this is not the case for non polar solvents where a fine spectrum often easily appears because of the absence of hydrogen bonding.Polar solvents also shows bathochromic effect which causes a decrease in electronic state. Asecond criteria for agood solvent is its effect on the fine strusture of an absorption band.Ano polar solvent doesnot hydrogen bond with the solute,and the spectrum of the solute closely approximate s the spectrum that would be produced in the gaseous state ,in which fine structure is often observed.In a polar solvent the hydrogen bonding forms a solute solvent comlex and the fine structure may disappear. Athird criteria for a good solvent is its ability to influence th

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground :: essays research papers

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The video I reviewed was a National Geographic film called Mysteries Underground. This video was about extraordinary sites there are to see in underground caves. You traveled along with cave explorers and got to see all the beautiful untouched natural formations such as gypsum chandeliers, gnarled calcite columns, and jewel-like lakes. It showed and talked about all the careful proceders the cave explorers go through. It also talked about how the formations were made over such a long time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I learned many interesting things that would never seem possible. In the world's new most exotic ,Lechuguilla, cave there lied water so clean and clear that the cave explorers were forced to take all there clothes off before they swam acrossed it because the littlest dirt from any clothing would contaminate the pureness of the water. All the cave explorers are very cautious as to what they touch or where they step because some of the crystal formations are so fragile that the slightest vibration from a voice or a footstep could ruin millions of years of forming. In some parts of caves there are giant and very smooth ice formations that must be slid down very carefully because if they are not taken cautiously you will pick up to much speed while sliding and finally hit some kind of stone wall or something. One lady was not careful enough and boy did she pay. She was only a mile and a half or so in the cave and she broke her leg. It took almost five days to get who to the surface of the cave where she could be attended to. Also I found out that caves were much larger then I had originally thought. The largest cave now, Mammoth Cave, is over 200 miles long. And if you are exploring a cave being miles and miles from the entrance it is very important that you be careful because if you break your leg that far from the entrance it would probably take months to get you out safely. One safety precaution I learned was that when the explorers are traveling through cold water they must make sure they don't get their upperbody wet because that will cause them to freeze and get many sicknesses that are caused by the cold. One thing that I found interesting was that with the technology today you would think that we would have all the caves discovered and explored. We aren't close at all. In fact some caves have been being explored for years and there is still no end in sight.

Personal, learning & thinking skills Essay

To provide the highest level of personal care (toileting, bathing etc) and attention to residents, following individual care plans carefully and ensuring that all contact is polite, friendly warm and supportive. To act as a key worker for a named group of residents, ensuring that these responsibilities are carried out in full (as defined in the training manual). To understand and comply with all statutory and legal requirements which are relevant such as Health & safety, COSSH, all aspects of the health & social care Act, to maintain a safe enviroment throughout the home. Understand and have an awareness of infection control. To always be alert to residents physical and mental well being, immediately reporting and changes in a residents condition to a senior person on duty, and to accurately maintain and update residents records as required. To respect and maintain confidentiality of residents personal information at all times, this includes residents behaviour and actions and any incidents that may occur in the course of day to day care. Be understanding and patient towards residents and their needs, and encourage, assist and support residents to  participate in lesiure activities as appropriate to the individual, ensuring their social and emotional needs are met. This also includes escorting residents to outside appoinments and leisure outings. Responsible for making and changing bed, tidying residents rooms (with the residents permission) undertaking light cleaning duties as needed and generally assisting in ensuring that the Home is kept clean, pleasant and wecoming at all times. Helping to serve meals and drinks at meal times and other times when required, taking care to present meals and refreshment in an attractive way, with polite and courteous service. Also, to provide the appropriate level of support and helping new team members as appropriate, ensuring that the Care Home is a friendly and supportive working enviroment.

Learn How Many Total Electoral Votes There Are

Learn How Many Total Electoral Votes There Are In the United States, the president and vice president are elected by the Electoral College rather than the popular vote of the people- and, as of April 2018, there are a total of 538 electoral votes. This system of indirect democracy was chosen by the  Founding Fathers  as a compromise between allowing Congress to elect a president and giving potentially uninformed citizens a direct vote.   The history of how that number of electoral votes came to be and the number needed to elect a president is an interesting story. Electoral Votes Background Former U.S. Treasury Secretary  Alexander Hamilton  wrote in Federalist (Paper) No. 68: Nothing was more to be desired than that every practicable obstacle should be opposed to cabal, intrigue, and corruption.  The Federalist Papers, authored by Hamilton,  James Madison, and John Jay, represented an attempt to convince the  states to ratify the Constitution. The framers of the Constitution, and many in leadership positions in the 1780s, feared the influence of the  unwashed  mob. They feared that, if allowed to directly elect the president, the general populace might foolishly vote for an unqualified president or even a despot- or the  masses might be unduly  influenced by foreign governments  when voting for a president. In essence, the Founding Fathers felt the masses could not be trusted. Hence, they created the Electoral College, where citizens of each state would vote for a slate of electors, who theoretically were pledged to then vote for a specific candidate. But, if circumstances warranted, the electors could be free to vote for a candidate other than the one to whom they were pledged. The Electoral College Today Today, each citizens vote indicates which electors he would like to have represent  him during the Electoral College process. Each presidential ticket has a group of designated electors ready to respond should their party win the popular vote of the people during a presidential election, which occurs every four years in November. The number of electoral votes is derived by adding the number of senators (100), the number of members in the House of Representatives (435), and three additional votes for the District of Columbia. (The District of Columbia was awarded three electoral votes with the passage of the 23rd Amendment in 1961.) The total number of electors, then, adds up to 538 total votes. To win the presidency, a candidate needs more than 50 percent of the electoral votes. Half of 538 is 269. Therefore, a candidate needs 270 Electoral College votes to win. More About the Electoral College The total number of electoral votes does not vary from year to year because the number of members of the House of Representatives and the Senate does not change. Instead, every 10  years with the new census, the number of electors shifts from states that have lost population to states that have gained population. Though the number of electoral votes is fixed at 538, there are circumstances that can arise requiring special attention. There is a constitutional process that goes into effect in case of a  tie in the Electoral College.Most states use a winner-takes-all method, where the candidate who wins the states popular vote is awarded the states entire slate of electors. As of April 2018, Maine and Nebraska are the only states that do not use a winner-takes-all system.Because of the way electors are apportioned, the presidential candidate with the most votes by the citizenry does not always win the election and become president. This was the case with  Hillary Clinton, who  won the popular vote by nearly 3 million ballots  in the 2016 presidential election, but  Donald Trump  became president because he  received 290 out of 538 electoral votes, 20 more than the 270 electoral votes he needed to win.

botticelli Essays

botticelli Essays botticelli Paper botticelli Paper Botticelli and His Portrayal of Women Botticelli is one of the most famous artists during the Italian Renaissance. He was very well know for the portrayal of the female figure and his ability to incorporate femininity as a symbol of life itself and/or nature illustrated by the changes of seasons. Botticelli most famous figure was that of Venus, the goddess of love. She was incorporated into two of his most famous works, The Birth of Venus and Primavera. Most of Botticellis women had that typical hourglass figure to them . During the time period in which these works were created, women with the physical characteristics of Venus were considered to be the ideal feminine figure. These women were considered to be ideal because during this era, flesh was a symbol of health, wealth, and stability (Sandro , 1). Women of this built were obviously healthy because this showed that they ate well and were thus financially secure. Thin women on the other hand were viewed as being poor and thus u nderfed and unhealthy due to ! lack of funds and hard labor. Also, men viewed Venus (especially her wide hips) to be the perfect figure, because they saw that type of figure to be designed especially for the purposes of child bearing (Turner 151). Venus, the goddess of love, is illustrated in Sandro Botticellis The Birth of Venus, as the ultimate glorification of the female figure, because this painting depicts the beginning of all beginnings, which is the birth of the goddess of love herself. It depicts this image because she is drawn as a pure person, not knowing much about what is happening. Botticelli does not show any signs of disrespect towards women. In fact in this painting, even though the goddess is Rizzo 2 nude, he depicts her in such a fashion that shows she has self-confidence and lack of embarrassment. The arm that covers her breasts and the log hair covering the genitals is how she is preventing he

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Case Study Example The Repo 108 transactions pledged 108% collateralization. At the end of the second quarter reporting period in 2008, Lehman had over $50 billion in Repo 105 transactions and about $6 billion in cash and cash equivalents. The theoretical accounting justification that this treatment as a â€Å"sale† and a contract for repurchase is that the 5% extra of assets transferred is so much greater than interest for the short period that repurchase is obviously different from a pure loan. (Per the legal letter from theLinklaters law firm in London in 2001.) The crux of the E & Y argument is that SFAS 140 (adopted in 2000) in paragraph 98 states that such Repos â€Å"shall† be treated as a sale. Several amendments and changes to SFAS 140 were made prior to 2007 and 2008 when the Repos became a big problem for Lehman and SFAS 160 more recently. The SEC apparently does not have sufficient confidence to charge former Lehman executives with fraud, but is further investigating E & Y. The status of SFAS 140 indicates all conditions set by the letter of the law. SFAS also violates the principles of accounting set by FASB. Many potential investors offer false promises hence altering the accounting information. Rules set in accounting often offer misleading information as it is in the case of SFAS 140. The practice aids accountants remove the temporary liabilities from company balance sheets on temporary purchasing agreements. This is because the transaction is handled as a sale instead of a liability. The controversy of SFAS 140 did not arise in 2008. The standard was under controversy for amendment reasons. The amendment was to re-examine parts of the provisions set for SFAS 140 that may offer misleading information. The issue experienced with Lehman brought about the issue of fore front. SFAS 140 is used by accountants to move assets transfer in the form of sale under certain conditions. SFAS 1140 however has many controversies since its roll out. Investigations

Dialogue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dialogue - Essay Example Seventh floor. Sixth. Fifth. Fourth. Third. The door opened. I said to myself â€Å"This is it†. As I walked towards the hallway, I felt conscious. It seems that everyone was looking at me although the truth is – they were all busy with their work. I stood in front of Room 305. I was about to knock on the door when it was opened by an elderly man who is actually the police inspector. His gray suit revealed his position and demeanor. He was gentle-looking but something about him revealed a tough character. He asked , â€Å" Where were you that night when the laptops were stolen?†He was searching me for any clues that might reveal my secrets. The ring on his finger showed that he belonged to a secret society. â€Å" I was at home entertaining friends†. Obviously, it was a lie. However, I can easily ask my friends to cover for me and testify that they were with me that fateful night. I added, â€Å"One of my close friends celebrated his birthday at my place. Besides, at that time of the night, I am usually home relaxing on any given weekday.† I was trying to evaluate what I have said. Was there any clue that I was defensive? I hope not. He was suspicious of what I said. â€Å" You mean to say you do not spend overtime?† Apparently, he was not satisfied with my previous statements. â€Å"It is highly unlikely that you don’t stay late in the office since you are a busy man in a busy department.† A mixed feeling of fear and guilt was inside my chest. I could hear my heart beating loud. Nevertheless, I defended myself by saying† Am I not allowed to relax after work?†. I knew it was an indirect answer. Suddenly, the room was getting

Payday loans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Payday loans - Essay Example Even more is the issue of employment. As the nation struggles with high unemployment rate, the payday loans industry has come to be one industry that is absorbing a lot of unemployed citizens. The economic relation in determining the interest rates on loans paid to low income earners and middle and high income earners emanates from the common principle of guarantee and surety. It is logical to assume that the middle and high income earners would easily pay off their loans. To the lender, it is the low income earner who would face problems paying off the loans. Experience has showed that some low income earners stop paying off their loan half way through (Gardener, 2008). This means that if higher interest rates were changed, the lender may not have much to loss because of the stoppage because as at the time of the stoppage, they might have made enough accumulated sum for the original amount taken. Banks seem to be refusing to enter the venture because of the risk involved. It would be noted that the loans are mostly patronized by low income earners who cannot guarantee payment. The banks therefore do not want to risk having their monies being made away with especially as the economic meltdown seem not to have been totally recovered from. In the absence of payday loans, those who benefit from it would simply have had to cut down on their expenditure in order to make their earnings sufficient for

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Essay Example for Free

Aggregate Demand and Supply Models Essay As it stands currently the existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply are: unemployment, consumer income, and interest rates. In this paper we identify the existing effect of the economic factors on aggregate demand and supply. The American people have little to no income when unemployed, this in turn causes a decrease in demand for the economy. This type of event causes the aggregate demand to curve to the left. One of the main reasons unemployment remains high to this day is the lack of demand. A shortfall in aggregate demand is precisely the type of issue that can be addressed by monetary policy, however, to do so we need continuous monetary stimulus to progress toward maximum employment stability. The crash of the housing market has set tremendous limitation on consumer and their spending. Sternness on behalf of the government to a certain extent has decreased aggregate demand during this recovery period. These actions have directly impacted growth. What this means to us is that lower government spending and higher taxes call for disposable income for consumers, work for government contractors diminishing, and a decrease in government payroll. Another factor that has had great effect and impact are the levels of uncertainty. The events leading to this state have yet to be resolved which in turn have caused a lack of willingness and confidence within consumers. In the beginning the levels of uncertainty reflected the force of influence the recession had on us as consumers . This is something that had not been experienced in several years which made it difficult for us to handle or even find a way to get by in a more successful demeanor. After extensive research and analysis it is safe to say the supply-side considerations explain some of the rise in unemployment, which once again confirm the lack of demand as well as the fact that the economy is suffering first and foremost of a weak demand rather than a shortage of supply. References Williams, J. C. (2013, February 25). The Economy and Fed Policy: Follow the Demand. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Retrieved from http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2013/february/economy-fed-policy-follow-demand/ Thoma, M. (2012, March 28). Demand, not supply, is restraining the economy. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-57405230/demand-not-supply-is-restraining-the-economy/

Rights Based Ethical Theory Social Contract Sociology Essay

Rights Based Ethical Theory Social Contract Sociology Essay Recently internet filtering policy is not pursued by Australian government. Therefore, to avoid the unavailability of certain required data to Australian public. Child pornography is the undesirable information which needs to be filter on internet, but it is consistent with Australian anti-child pornography laws, which defines the level of filtering on the internet. This topic should reflect is Australian government filtering policy is ethical in which ways and for what purpose? Compare it with Right based ethical theory in conjunction to ACS ethics. Moreover, compare it with the culture distinct with your own culture and evaluate the arguments and attitude of government of that culture with your own culture. Prelude: Internet filtering policy by Australian government should be done therefore; unwanted data like child pornography can be controlled. On the other hand, Australian government decide not to seek any changes in internet filtering policy whereby required data is inaccessible to the public and people freedom will be affected. In what ways and purpose Australian government ethically controlling over the internet using Right based ethical theory in conjunction of ACS codes of ethics. I conceive Australian government is controlling ethical by filtering internet policy to stop child pornography. Therefore, it would stop individual and society morally that child pornography is wrong and against law. Moreover, compare it to right based ethical theory they are following legal and positive right in benefit for individual and society self-interest. Definition: Contract based ethical theory is based on pre-moral existence of human being and social contract, in which individual have rights to satisfy their desires to avoid antipathy and life, motivation to being moral, respectively. Social contract can be elaborated more how it is motivated individuals or group to being moral because it is the collective of self-interest. Like, it is unwritten agreement, but if we are honest with other then it would be easy for us to trust them and gained the same benefit. Social contract can be divided into two type legal right and moral right. Legal right are defined by the government or the law makers and enforced by the law officers of the community. Whereas, moral rights are formed by the society or community culture in which their personal and community relationship involved to follow them. These both rights are enforced to combine self-interest and common goods for a society. Define a  right  as a justified claim that individuals and groups can make upon other individuals or upon society; to have a right is to be in a position to determine by ones choices, what others should do or need not do. In the case of a  legal right, the claim must be justified by legal principles and rules. Likewise, a  moral right  must find grounding in moral principles and rules. One form of rights does not necessarily lead to another, although this distinction is not well recognized in contemporary society. (Beauchamp Childress , 2001) This social contract is criticised because of its minimalist molarity. In a sense where there is no formal or legal contract they would not behave morally. For example, child is drowning in 4 feet deep water. Therefore, according to minimalist molarity we have no obligation to save that child. This minimalist molarity can be perceived by two principles (1) do no harm, (2) do good. This means we do not harm that child (or anyone else) and do good for our society like free education to our community or society. But dont we think its morally good to save that child if we have power and have no inconvenient to ourselves. Philosophers and legal scholars have often differentiated rights into two kinds (a) positive rights (b) negative rights. Negative right can be explicit we have right to leave another alone that is not to interfere the rights of others. For example, rights to vote, rights to own a computer. They are negative in a sense that we have right to go to polls and cast vote to any particular election without the interference of others and right to purchase our own computer. Negative right holder must be aware that they cannot demand or expect others that they will take them to voting polls if they cannot travel or purchase them a computer if they cannot afford it because others are not obligated according to their rights. On other hand, positive rights are welfare right like giving education and health care to everyone. For example, Australian government provides free education till twelve grades to their citizens and give medical care even if they cannot afford because positive right state t hat it is their rights to be provided. Government filtering policy and Contract Based Theory: Australia Government control ethic over internet censorship is focus primarily on child pornography, sexual violence, and other illegal activities. This was compiled as a result of a consumer complaints process. In terms of Contract based theory, Australian government is playing ethical role to stop the maximum illegal activities, sexual violence and child pornography or child abuse or exploitation websites and materials and making amendments in Internet filtering policy. Like, in June 2011 two Australian ISPs, Telstra and Optus consent to block the vulnerable access lists of websites and materials to child abuse, provided by concerned govern bodies. This is an example of social contract in which law makers motivate individual and group to being moral for collective self-interest and common goods. This is collective self-interest for society and culture in a sense to save these and their children from child pornography. Government filtering policy is ethics which can also be evaluate d by one of the kind of right based theory that is positive rights. This positive rights explicit welfare rights like every individual and community culture should benefit from the government applied procedure or polices. These child pornography, create public concern and stimulate demand for legislative and other reform. Access by children to pornography and use of children in pornography are recognised as social harms even by those who support the industry. Interestingly there is more government and community concern about pornography. (Jeffries, S., 2008). Therefore, filtering the access of child pornography is applied as positive rights by the government. The purpose government filtered internet policy is to lead legal and moral rights as individual and society or culture. Furthermore, government decided not to advance the filtering policy to avoid the unnecessary interference in their freedom of speech and aversion from public. In conjunction too few of the ACS codes of ethics which are as follows; primacy of the public interest, professionalism and enhancement of quality of life contributes major insight from right based ethical theory. Right based ethical theory motivated that public should have collective interest with common goods. Comparing rights based theory with professionalism; it increases the unity of society and respects other members of the community or society. Moreover, Legal contract bond us to enhance the quality of life of those who are affected by our work. On the other hand, there is a rag of debates against internet filtering policy. They perceive Australian government act is not ethical by filtering internet policies and this law is the waste of money and this internet censorship would be creeping and never ends. For example, some people said filtering policy might make the internet speed worst; even some desirable material would be unavailable like any RC rated material which will include blocking access to web pages of banned  films and  hardcode pornography. This web filtering may easily by pass proxy servers. Those who retaliate against internet censorship they have the following arguments: (Dudley-Nicholson, 2011) Child pornography is not exchanging on World Wide Web, but on virtual private network, file sharing sites and peer to peer networks. No user can opt out of this short of changing to a new ISP. Government is only blocking URL, change in one sentence will change the complete website and need to start over again. This filtering is very strict that if it swept up the website no appeal process is available. Therefore, they believe internet censorship is an epic fail because of the above mentioned reasons and they feel their freedom of speech is being interfered. They also do not want child pornography material over the internet but they are against the web filter policy. Proposition: According to my arguments Australian government controls filtering policy is ethical by applying some necessary web filtering for internet censorship which includes child pornography as their main objective to block. As a result, their society and culture are educated that child abusive is immoral. To avoid antipathy from public, recently they are not pursuing filtering policy because high web filtering can make desirable data unavailable. My culture vs. other culture: One of the Arab countries Saudi Arabia is quite distinct from my culture. In Saudi culture they do not allow freedom of speech, especially womens or anything against their government or their religion. For example, they dont respect Shia (another religion distinct from Saudi religion) Muharram procession and completely banned them. However non-Muslims are free to worship in their own homes. Whereas, Australian culture give rights to their public for freedom of speech whether, its against their government or religion and respect all the religion and culture. Moreover, if Saudi found anyone deemed criticize their Royal Family, government or their religion they might imprison them. Saudi culture is ruled by dictatorship opposite to Australian culture which is democratic. Their media is also being censored by their government to avoid use of abusive material against their government, royal family and religion. They have a strong content filtering policy over the internet that no type of sex adultery, pornography and other abusive material could be access because they believe its against moral rights, their religion rules and acts and carry death penalty. Whatever their law makers have defined for their society benefit is enforced by the government officials to follow them whether they like or not because their law is based on Holy Book, the Quran. The system is often known as Sharia. In Australia pornography is legal; their internet filtering policies is only to stop child pornography because according to their ethics child abusive is immoral act to their society or culture. If compare Saudi government with the attitude of my government, people in my culture there are defined rules and regulation but they are not implemented by the society or culture neither government enforced them. Recently, they have taken an action against internet censorship by blocking pornography website access because they have realized that their youth quality of life is being affected by that. Therefore, its their right to stop abusive material over the internet to save their youth from pornography and sexual abusive materials. In my culture, government allow freedom of speech especially we encourage womens and media. Press media in our culture have extra ordinary rights for freedom of speech. They bluntly reveal government corruption secrets and most of the times they misused their power by criticising unnecessary to the government and law. Media sometimes portray good things wrongly to the public of our society and culture. Its illegal to criticise Saudi government or their religion and if they found anyone deemed they would imprison them. Government in our culture gives rights to other culture to celebrate their occasions. Like, Christmas, Shia Muharram procession etc. and because of this different cultural celebrations some other religion get offended and conflict started between different cultures in a society. Saudi governments only allow those events for cele bration which are defined by their religion to maintain decorum. Saudi government try to follow ethics firmly because for them honesty, quality of life and competence matters a lot. To sum up, in Saudi culture their government follows ethics as per defined in their religion. For example, welfare rights: The state guarantees the rights of the citizen and his family in cases of emergency, illness and disability, and in old age; it supports the system of social security and encourages institutions and individuals to contribute in acts of charity, education: The state provides public education and pledges to combat illiteracy. (Gulf Legal Services Ltd, 2001). In my viewpoint my culture now there are more divided into diverse cultures, therefore, the culture comes into power or government follow their own cultural rules. This means we do not have particular ethics only follow rules on discretion or ad-hoc basis.

Tragedy in Oedipus the King and Dolls House Essay example -- essays r

Faults Written in the Stars During the Ancient Grecian time periods, tragedy meant death because one defied against an outer prophecy. Modern day tragedy was simply realism, the unspoken way of life. In Sophocles' Oedipus the King and Ibsen's A Doll's House, the main characters - Nora and Oedipus, are both constructed to illustrate flaws in society and how naive people are. Ibsen and Sophocles both developed tragedy into a central idea that all people surreptitiously understand. Nora and Oedipus make incompetent decisions that assist in discovering their fundamental nature as tragic heroes and provoke sorrow and pity among the audience. Oedipus lived his entire life in a dark shadow of ignorance, just like Nora. Oedipus' archetype of a tragic hero begins as an all-powerful, honorable king that believed he could solve any riddle, and acts rapidly on decisions. Oedipus lacked complete self knowledge, â€Å"I will speak out now as a stranger to the story, a stranger to the crime. If I’d been present then, there would have been no mystery, no long hunt without clue in hand† (Oe...

Children cannot grow up as solitary individuals

â€Å" Our kids ‘s jobs begin in the place, and can be solved at place. † Rearing is cardinal to the endurance and success of the human race. Everyone who has of all time lived has had parents, and most grownups in the universe become parents. Opinions about rearing abound, but surprisingly small solid scientific information or considered contemplation exists about rearing. Rearing is a occupation whose primary object of attending and action is the kid. Children do non and can non turn up as lone persons but parenting is besides a position in the life class with effects for parents themselves ( Femmie Juffer, 2007 ) 5.â€Å" Children Begin by loving their parents ; as they grow older they judge them ; sometimes they forgive them. †Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Academy award Wilde ( English humourist )Since Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby discovered that kids use their parents as a secure base to carry through their fond regard and geographic expedition demands, an impressive organic structure of empirical research has been devoted to the hunt for the beginnings and effects of ( in ) secure child-parent attachment relationships. Secure attachment relationships have been associated with better societal competency and with more optimum parent and peer relationships than insecure fond regards. The construct of secure attachment relationships and the related construct of parental sensitiveness appear to be extremely important for the clinical field, including the development and rating of attachment-based intercessions for at-risk and clinical households. The most of import portion of parenting is love and seting in clip and energy to back up kids. Although love is the most of import demand, it is non plenty. Unless parents understand their kids ‘s unique demands, they are unable to give their kids what kids today need. Parents may be giving love, but non in ways that are most helpful to their kid ‘s development.â€Å" Without an apprehension of their kids ‘s demands, parents can non efficaciously back up their kids. †On the other manus, some parents are â€Å" willing † to pass more clip with their kids, but do n't because they do n't cognize what to make or their kids reject their attempts. So many parents try to speak with their childs, but their childs merely shut up and state nil. These parents are willing, but do n't cognize how to acquire their childs to speak. Some parents do n't desire to shout at, hit, or penalize their kids, but they merely do n't cognize another manner. Since speaking with t heir kids has non worked, penalty or the menace of penalty is the lone manner they know.â€Å" To give up old ways of parenting, new ways must be employed. †The universe is sing a crisis in rearing. Every twenty-four hours, there are increasing studies of kid and adolescent force, low self-pride, Attention Deficit Disorder, drug usage, adolescent gestation, and self-destruction. Almost all parents today are oppugning both the new and old ways of rearing. Nothing seems to be working, and our kids ‘s jobs continue to increase. Some parents believe that these jobs come from being excessively permissive and giving kids excessively much, while others contend that out-of-date patterns of parenting, like paddling and shouting, are responsible. Others believe that these new jobs are caused by negative alterations in society. Excessively much Television, advertisement, or excessively much force and sex on Television and in films are pegged by many as the perpetrators. Surely society and how it influences our kids are portion of the job, and some helpful solutions can be legislated by the authorities, but the biggest portion of the job starts at place. Our kids ‘s jobs begin in the place and can be solved at place. Besides looking to alter society, parents must besides recognize that they hold the power to raise strong, confident, concerted, and compassionate kids. To get by with the alterations in society, parents need to alter their parenting attack. During the past two hundred old ages, society has made an historic and dramatic alteration towards greater single freedom and rights. Even though our modern Western society is now organized by the rules of freedom and human rights, parents still use rearing accomplishments from the Dark Ages. Parents need to update their parenting accomplishments to raise healthy and concerted kids and teens. Businesss know that if they are to remain competitory in the free market, they need to maintain changing and updating. Likewise, if parents want their kids to be able to vie in the free universe, they must fix their kids with the most effectual and modern attacks to rearing ( John Gray, 2007 ) 11. Several societal tendencies are now disputing parent-child relationships. Single parent households may be the most at hazard. Although, there ever have been individual parents in the United States, the causes of lone parenting have changed. Single parents of old coevalss were chiefly widows and widowmans. Parents are now more likely to be individual because of divorce or ne'er being married. Individual parents in today ‘s society may be more stray and possibly more disillusioned than the individual parents of the yesteryear. The concluding study of the National Commission on Children, approximately 25 per centum ( more than 16 million ) kids lived with merely one parent in 1989, twice every bit many as in 1970. Parental employment places a great strain on parent-child relationships. Parents may hold to depend on other health professionals, for illustration, to put bounds and supply counsel during their kids ‘s formative old ages. Between 1970 and 1990, the proportion of female parents with kids under age six who were working or looking for work outside their places rose from 32 per centum to 58 per centum. Today, about 10.9 million kids under six have female parents in the paid labour force ( National Commission on Children, 1991 ) 74. Three facets of rearing have been highlighted as cardinal to kids ‘s early linguistic communication and acquisition: ( 1 ) the frequence of kids ‘s engagement in everyday acquisition activities ( e.g. , shared book reading, storytelling ) ; ( 2 ) the quality of caregiver-child battles ( e.g. , parents ‘ cognitive stimulation and sensitivity/responsiveness ) ; and ( 3 ) the proviso of age-appropriate acquisition stuffs ( e.g. , books and plaything ) . Early on and consistent engagement in everyday acquisition activities, such as shared book reading, storytelling, and learning about the letters of the alphabet, supply kids with a critical foundation for early acquisition, linguistic communication growing and emergent literacy. A overplus of surveies besides indicate that the quality of parent-caregiver interactions play a formative function in kids ‘s early linguistic communication and acquisition ( Tamis-LeMonda, 2009 ) 52. In the yesteryear, psychologists analyzing the development of kids focused about entirely on kids ‘s relationships with their female parents. Today, they have come to hold that male parents play a unique and important function in fostering and steering kids ‘s development. Many experts now believe that male parents can be merely as nurturing and sensitive with their babes as female parents. As their kids turn, male parents take on added functions of steering their kids ‘s rational and societal development. Even when a male parent is ‘just playing ‘ with his kids, he is fostering their development ( Ross Parke, 2006 ) 25.Need FOR THE STUDYThe National Commission on Children ‘s national study titled Speaking of Kids ( 1991 ) studies that a bulk of American grownups, irrespective of age, race, matrimonial, or parental position believe that it is harder to be a parent today than it used to be ( 88 per centum ) and that parents today frequently are unsu re about what is the right thing to make in raising their kids ( 86 per centum ) . Compared to ten old ages ago, respondents believed kids today are worse off with regard to their moral and spiritual preparation ( 53 per centum ) and the supervising and subject they receive from their parents ( 56 per centum ) . Children themselves wished that their parents were more persevering in puting and implementing regulations. Thirty-nine per centum of kids 10-17 said they â€Å" sometimes † wished their parents were stricter or maintain a closer ticker over them and their lives. Another 8 per centum said they wish this a batch. Merely about 1 per centum said they â€Å" ne'er † wanted their parents to be stricter or more attentive. Because of the rapid gait of alteration in our society and an increasing consciousness of and esteem for cultural and values diverseness, parents will go on to be challenged to spread out on traditional manners of childrearing. The wellbeing of our state ‘s kids is clearly at hazard. Harmonizing to the National Commission on Children ( 1991 ) , one in four striplings prosecute in societal behaviours that can take to serious longterm trouble ; many more are vulnerable for future jobs ( National Commission on Children, 1991 ) 72. Most parents do their best to supply a loving and nurturing atmosphere for their kids. Poor rearing includes the undermentioned behaviours: Maltreatment An environment where there is a batch of reasoning and struggle Ignoring the kid Some parents are overwhelmed by their ain personal state of affairss and are unable to look after their kids ‘s demands suitably. The kids who were ignored or who lived in high-stress families had problem showing themselves verbally. They besides had problem with societal accomplishments. Sharing plaything was hard for them, and they had problem playing. The British survey concluded that the deprived kids really started preschool with developing encephalons. The kids who were holding problem with their societal accomplishments could be helped if they received intensive aid from their instructors. Unfortunately, instructors are busy caring for the full category and have problem happening the clip to give the kids who are behind the degree of attending they need ( JC Redmond, 2009 ) 66. A survey by UNICEF of 21 industrialised states, An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries ( 2007 ) , came to the singular decision that there is no strong relationship between per capita GDP and kid well-being. A government-funded reappraisal in Britain of research crossing 25 old ages found that the incidence of many mental wellness jobs in kids had doubled since the 1970s. Today, one in 10 British kids – that ‘s more than a million – suffers from a clinically recognizable upset, such as depression, anxiousness, anorexia or terrible anti-social behavior ( Tom McGurk, 2009 ) 71. â€Å" Surveies have shown that kids who go through their parents ‘ divorce have more behavior jobs, symptoms of psychological maladjustment, lower academic accomplishment, Social troubles and debatable relationships with both parents. In United States of America, reported statistics Tells that Children from fatherless places are: 5 times more likely to perpetrate self-destruction 32 times more likely to run off from place. 20 times more likely to hold behavioural upsets 14 times more likely to perpetrate colza. 9 times more likely to drop out of high school. 10 times more likely to mistreat chemical substances ( become drug nuts ) 9 times more likely to stop up in a state-operated establishment 20 times more likely to stop up in prison. 3 million teenage misss have sexually transmitted diseases At least 1 out of 4 adolescents ( between 14years to 19years ) suffer from sexually transmitted diseases ( CRISP, 2009 ) 73. Some of the rough worlds faced by kids in India are presented below: Less than half of India ‘s kids between the age 6 and 14 merely go to school. 95 in every 1000 kids born in India do non see their 5th birthday. Amongst married adult females in India today, 75 % were under age at the clip of their matrimonies. 58 % of India ‘s kids below the age of 2 old ages are non to the full vaccinated. And 24 % of these kids do non have any signifier of inoculation. More that 50 % of India ‘s kids are malnourished. More than 50 per cent of misss fail to inscribe in school ; those who do are likely to drop out by the age of 12. CHILD LABOR 19 % of kids are employed for domestic aid. 25 % of the victims of commercial sexual development in India are below 18 old ages of age. Large Numberss of kids work merely because there is no alternate – since, they do non hold entree to good quality schools. Poor and bonded households frequently â€Å" sell † their kids to contractors who promise moneymaking occupations in the metropoliss and the kids end up being employed in whorehouses, hotels and domestic work. Many run off and happen a life on the streets ( Sharanam Centre, 2007 ) 75. Everyone knows good parenting is good for the wellness of kids, but surveies show that good parenting besides consequences in kids who grow up to be healthier grownups. Research indicates that grownups who had nerve-racking relationships with their parents in childhood are more likely to endure from disease in midlife. â€Å" Since parents are normally the most meaningful beginning of societal support for much of early life, the perceptual experience of parental lovingness, and parental loving itself, may hold of import regulative and prognostic effects on biological and psychological wellness and unwellness † ( Claudia M. Lenart, 2009 ) 55. Joint detention and shared parenting ( i.e. , joint physical and legal detention ) have been studied for more than a quarter-century, with the bulk of surveies bespeaking important benefits for kids. When parents cooperate and minimise struggle, kids do better with shared parenting/joint physical detention.Rearing Can Overrule Effect of Genes in How Babies Respond to Stress, the survey found both cistrons and rearing were of import to the development of how babies ‘ encephalon which helps to modulate cardiac responses to emphasize. The findings suggest that although cistrons play a function in the development of physiological responses to emphasize, environmental experiences such as female parents ‘ sensitive care-giving behaviour can hold a strong influence, adequate to alter the consequence that cistrons have on physiology really early in life ( W. Roger Mills-Koonce, 2008 ) 68.It has been known for a long clip that life in poorness amendss kids ‘s rational abilit ies. Good Rearing Raises Kids ‘ Mental Skills. Survey Shows Better Parenting Skills Sharpen Minds of Kids in Poverty ( Martin Downs, 2008 ) 62.Babies need predictability and security, which they get when their female parent and male parent respond systematically, quickly, and suitably to their calls, smilings and other signals. As a babe develops a relationship with his or her female parent and male parent, he comes to prefer them to other grownups, in a procedure known as fond regard. Psychologists agree that babes with secure fond regards to their parents have better opportunities to develop into happy, successful, and well-balanced kids and grownups.The research worker had personal experience about the effects of rearing both its ailment effects and good effects. Investigator being specialising in the field community wellness nursing felt the demand and was motivated to carry on the survey on cognition sing the parenting roles among the twosomes of urban and rural community and learn them about rearing functions with the aid of multimedia bundle.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMâ€Å" A comparative survey to measure the effectivity of multimedia bundle on cognition sing rearing functions among the twosomes of selected urban and rural community † .AimTo measure the bing degree of cognition sing rearing functions among twosomes of the urban and rural community. To measure the effectivity of multimedia bundle on cognition sing rearing functions among twosomes of the urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the twosomes of urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the male and female parent of urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the male parent of the urban and rural community. To compare the pretest and posttest degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the female parent of the urban and rural community. To tie in the average betterment of cognition mark on rearing functions with the selected demographic variables.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSEffectivenessRefers to the result of the multimedia bundle sing rearing functions among twosomes of urban and rural community, which will be evaluated by the structured cognition questionnaire prepared by the research worker.Multimedia PackageRefers to logically designed information ‘s with the usage of modern media to discourse and learn sing rearing functions. This bundle consists of learning stuff in the signifier of ocular literacy and picture in a sequence which explains the parent ‘s function in general parenting, developmental mileposts, cognitive development, moral development and acquisition disablements.RearingIt refers to the public presentation of assorted functions and activities of raising a kid instead than the biological relationship by the parents.Rearing FunctionsIt refers to the function of the parents in raising the kid . Roles included in this survey are about General Parenting which includes significance and constructs of Responding, Preventing, Monitoring, Mentoring and Modeling ; Developmental Milestones which includes significance, designation of age specific undertakings of the kids, ways to assist the kid to achieve mileposts ; Cognitive Development which includes significance, phases of cognitive development and ways to better the cognitive development ; Moral Development which includes significance, phases of moral development and ways to better the moral development of the kid and Learning Disabilities which includes significance, causes, early warning marks and ways to take attention of kid with such job.CognitionRefers to the ability of twosomes to understand and reply the inquiry on rearing functions as elicited by structured cognition questionnaire.CouplesHusband and married woman of selected urban and rural community with 1-6 year of married life holding kids.PremiseCouples may hold some cognition sing rearing functions. Adequate cognition on rearing functions may assist the twosomes to supply effectual parenting. Adequate cognition sing rearing functions may forestall many childhood jobs.NULL HYPOTHESESNH1: There is no important difference between pre and station trial degree of cognition sing rearing functions among the urban and rural twosomes at the degree of P & lt ; 0.05 NH2: There is no important difference between pre and station trial degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the urban and rural twosomes at the degree of P & lt ; 0.05 NH3: There is no important difference between pre and station trial degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the male and female parent of urban and rural community at the degree of P & lt ; 0.05 NH4: There is no important difference between pre and station trial degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the urban male parent and rural male parent at the degree of P & lt ; 0.05 NH5: There is no important difference between pre and station trial degree of cognition sing rearing functions between the urban female parent and rural female parent at the degree of P & lt ; 0.05 NH6: There is no important association between the average betterment cognition mark on rearing functions and selected demographic variables of the urban and rural twosomes at the degree of P & lt ; 0.05Boundary lineThe survey is delimited to a period of four hebdomad. The survey is delimited to the twosomes populating under the same roof.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKA conceptual model or theoretical account is made up of constructs that are mental image of a phenomenon. These constructs are linked together to show their relationship between them. The conceptual model is based on TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL/ SOCIAL CHANGE MODEL ( JAMES.O.PROCHASKA ) . This model consists of the undermentioned elements.PRECONTEMPLATION:The theory says that the Individual has the job ( whether he/she recognizes it or non ) and has no purpose of altering and goes through the procedure of Consciousness raising ( information and cognition ) , Dramatic alleviation ( function playing ) and Environmental reevaluation ( how job affects physical environment ) . In this survey the research worker perceives the importance of the job and prepares the multimedia bundle with extended reappraisal of literature and expert ‘s sentiment to better the cognition of twosomes in selected urban and rural community sing the parenting functions on general parenting, kid ‘s cognitive development, developmental mileposts, moral development and acquisition disablements.Contemplation:This phase involves the Individual ‘s acknowledgment of the job and he/she is earnestly believing about altering and goes through the procedure of Self-reevaluation ( measuring one ‘s feelings sing behaviour ) . In this survey the research worker approaches the twosomes of selected urban and rural community and obtains their consent to take part in the survey after supplying equal information sing the demand for the survey and benefits thereby makes the twosomes to go cognizant of the job.Preparation:In this phase the single recognizes the job and intends to alter the behaviour through the procedure of Self-liberation ( committedness or belief in ability to alter ) . In this survey the research worker conducts the pre trial appraisal of cognition sing rearing functions among the twosomes of selected urban and rural community with the aid of the structured questionnaire. The structured interview agenda consists of demographic variables like age, gender, educational position, business, household income per month, faith, type of household, no of old ages of married life, no of life kids, age of the kid, topographic point of life, manner of acquiring information about parenting and structured questionnaire incorporating inquiries sing rearing functions on general parenting, kid ‘s cognitive development, moral development, developmental mileposts and larning disablements. The research worker prepares the twosomes for deriving the cognition sing rearing functions.Action:In this phase the Individual has enacted consistent behaviour alteration through the procedure of Reinforcement direction, Helping relationships, Counterconditioning and Stimulus control. In this survey the research worker by supplying the multimedia bundle which consists of talk in the signifier of pictural and picture shows sing rearing functions on general parenting, kid ‘s cognitive development, moral development, developmental mileposts and larning disablements provides a assisting relationship to derive equal cognition to supply good parenting to their kids.Care:In this phase single maintains new behaviour. In this survey the research worker conducts the station trial appraisal of cognition after one hebdomad from the twenty-four hours of intercession utilizing the same structured questionnaire which was used for pre trial to cognize the betterment in the cognition. If twosomes had equal cognition support was given by supplying brochure as care of cognition and twosomes with unequal cognition reappraisal was done.OUTLINE OF THE REPORTChapter I: Dealt with the background of the survey, need for the survey, statement of the job, aims, operational definitions , void hypotheses, premises, boundary lines and conceptual model. Chapter II: Deals with the reappraisal of related literature. Chapter III: Presents the methodological analysis of survey and program for informations analysis. Chapter IV: Focuss on informations analysis and reading. Chapter V: Enumerates the treatment of survey. Chapter VI: Gives the sum-up, decision, deductions, recommendations and restrictions. The study ends with selected Bibliography and Appendices.